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Imunofan

Tier 2 · Preclinical
Also known as Imunofan peptide · Arginyl-alpha-aspartyl-lysyl-valyl-tyrosyl-arginine

Strongest evidence is Tier 1: a randomized clinical trial in type 2 diabetics with diabetic foot syndrome (src-21) and a human RCT using Imunofan as a vaccine adjuvant against bacterial challenge (src-20), plus SPPS/RP-HPLC/LC-MS synthesis validation. However, most of the evidence base is lower tier: numerous human observational studies (largely Russian-language, developer-affiliated), animal and in vitro mechanistic work, and expert-opinion web sources. Key caveats: clinical literature lacks independent Western replication and is predominantly non-English; HIV and hepatitis B/C efficacy claims rest on single tier-3 web sources; specific mechanistic/PK figures (ceruloplasmin activity increase, glutathione rise, bioavailability, intranasal half-life) are expert opinion rather than measured human PK; and animal data reporting hyperalgesia contradict the uniformly benign safety profile claimed elsewhere.

Half-life
~1 h
Routes
Subcutaneous injection · Intramuscular injection · Intranasal spray · Rectal suppository · Subconjunctival / local (ophthalmic, animal studies)
Goals
Immune support and immunomodulation · Antioxidant / oxidative-stress reduction · Anti-infective adjunctive support (chronic viral/bacterial infections) · Vaccine adjuvant · Tissue repair and wound healing · Hepatoprotection · Oncology supportive care (adjunct to chemoradiotherapy)
Cost / mg
Not recorded

How it works

Imunofan is a small synthetic peptide modeled on a fragment of thymopoietin, a natural thymic hormone that guides the development and activity of immune T-cells. Rather than simply revving up the immune system, it is described as an immunomodulator that nudges abnormal immune parameters back toward balance — boosting defenses when they are weak and calming them when they are overactive. It is reported to act in three overlapping stages: within a few hours it activates the body's antioxidant defenses (scavenging reactive oxygen species and raising glutathione); over the following days to weeks it enhances the activity of immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells and B-cells; and over months it helps normalize the ratio of T-cell subtypes and consolidate immune memory. It is also credited with antioxidant and liver-protective actions and with stimulating tissue repair.

Overview

Overview

Imunofan (also known by its chemical name Arginyl-alpha-aspartyl-lysyl-valyl-tyrosyl-arginine, sequence RDKVYR) is a synthetic hexapeptide with the molecular formula C36H61N13O10 and a molecular weight of approximately 836 Da. It is modeled on positions 32-37 of thymopoietin, a 49-amino-acid thymic hormone; some sources instead describe the biologically active region as the pentapeptide fragment at positions 32-36 (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr), or the 32-36 active site of thymopoietin II with an added N-terminal arginine residue.

The parent hormone thymopoietin binds membrane receptors on prothymocytes and mature T cells, coupling to adenylate cyclase in precursor cells and guanylate cyclase in mature T cells, thereby directing the differentiation and functional activation of T-lymphocyte subpopulations.

Reported Mechanism

Imunofan is described as acting through a three-phase temporal profile:

  • Fast phase (onset within 2-3 hours): antioxidant modulation. It is reported to modulate circulating ceruloplasmin and lactoferrin, activate the ceruloplasmin-transferrin antioxidant system (with a reported 30-40% increase in ceruloplasmin catalytic activity), enhance catalase and glutathione peroxidase, raise intracellular reduced glutathione 2-3 fold, scavenge reactive oxygen species, and inhibit lipid peroxidation.
  • Intermediate phase (reported variably as ~2-3 days or ~7-10 days): immune cell activation. Reported effects include enhanced neutrophil and macrophage bactericidal/phagocytic activity, enhanced NK cytotoxicity, B-cell differentiation and antibody production, increased IL-2 from T-helper cells, modulation of CD4/CD8 marker expression, normalization of IgA/IgG, stabilization of Th1/Th2 balance, and decreased TNF and IL-6.
  • Slow phase (up to 4 months): normalization of CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios and consolidation of immune memory.

Imunofan is characterized as modulatory/immunocorrective rather than simply stimulatory — reported to normalize abnormal immune parameters bidirectionally toward homeostasis, enhancing T-cell function and antibody production in immunosuppressed states while reducing excessive activation in hyperactivated states (autoimmunity, allergy). Additional reported actions include hepatic antioxidant defense activation, upregulation of cytochrome P450 and glutathione-S-transferase, epigenetic tissue-repair effects via DNA-demethylation gene activation, and a protein-kinase-C-dependent modulation of P-glycoprotein/multidrug-resistance transporters (in vitro).

Structural work (NMR in aqueous solution and molecular dynamics simulation) identified a predominant conformation stabilized by a salt bridge between the Asp2 side-chain oxygen and the Arg6 NH proton.

Regulatory Status and Uses

Imunofan was developed at the Institute of Immunology in Moscow during the 1980s-1990s and approved for clinical use in Russia in the 1990s. It is registered in Russia and several CIS countries (including for veterinary immunomodulation) for immunodeficiency states, chronic infections (hepatitis B and C, brucellosis, HPV, chlamydia, opportunistic infections), post-surgical recovery, oncology supportive therapy, and as a vaccine adjuvant. It is marketed as an immunostimulant/immunomodulator with antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.

Imunofan has NOT received regulatory approval from the FDA, EMA, or MHRA.

Evidence Base

Imunofan has reportedly been studied in over 100-200 clinical publications, predominantly in Russian-language medical literature produced largely by or affiliated with its developer, without independent Western replication.

Higher-tier evidence includes a randomized clinical trial in type 2 diabetics with diabetic foot syndrome (which reported corrected immune dysfunction, reduced insulin resistance, improved clinical/laboratory parameters and normalized cellular and humoral immunity) and a controlled animal study in BALB/c mice using Imunofan as a vaccine adjuvant against an E. coli O157:H7 challenge (not a human trial). Notably, in that mouse study, ESI+Imunofan produced protection comparable to Freund's adjuvant (reduced bacterial shedding) but elicited a lower IgG response, suggesting a role in non-antibody-mediated immunity.

Human observational studies report benefits in advanced/toxic diphtheria (4.1- to 4.8-fold mortality reduction as an adjuvant), herpesvirus-associated optic neuritis, chronic suppurative otitis media, venous trophic ulcers in the elderly, and oncology supportive care (reduced radiation-induced complications and enhanced free-radical inactivation reserve). Claims regarding HIV (improved CD4+ counts, reduced viral load, delayed AIDS progression) and hepatitis B/C (improved liver function tests and reduced viral load in '1000+' patients) rest on single low-tier web sources and are not corroborated by higher-tier primary studies in the source set.

In vitro, Imunofan stimulated human fibroblast proliferation by 20-40% and keratinocyte proliferation by 20-50%, and induced genes involved in DNA demethylation and immune responses. Animal studies show moderate wound-repair promotion, restoration of gut-associated lymphoid tissue after cyclophosphamide immunosuppression, and stabilization of testicular immune homeostasis under environmental stress.

What the research shows

199 findings extracted from the 31 sources cited below, strongest evidence first within each group. Every one links to the source it came from.

What human studies found

Based on 7 human trial findings, 29 human study findings, 10 animal findings, 3 in vitro findings, 11 expert opinion findings and 1 anecdotal finding.

  • human trialESI+Imunofan showed comparable reduction in bacterial shedding to Freund's adjuvant (3.1 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/g vs. 2.9 ± 0.3)3

  • human trialESI+Imunofan elicited lower IgG response (9.1 ± 0.6 log10) compared to ESI+Freund's adjuvant (12.3 ± 0.8 log10)3

  • human trialImunofan potentiates the effect of basic therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic foot syndrome5

  • human trialImunofan corrects immune dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic foot syndrome5

  • human trialCombined treatment with imunofan reduced the magnitude of insulin resistance5

  • human trialImunofan caused positive clinical and laboratory parameters in T2DM patients5

  • human trialImunofan improved quality of life in T2DM patients5

  • human studyImunofan combined with local treatment increased leukocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages by day 7 of treatment2

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  • human studyComplex treatment with Imunofan (immune correction) and pulsed high-intensity optical irradiation contributes to conversion of chronic inflammation to acute inflammation with initiation of reparation processes and tissue regeneration2

  • human studyImunofan combined with myelopid corrects immune deficiency in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media post-sanation surgery4

  • human studyTreatment with imunofan and myelopid combination proved more efficacious than conventional antibacterial therapy alone in restoring T-helper counts4

  • human studyTreatment with imunofan and myelopid combination proved more efficacious than conventional antibacterial therapy alone in restoring B-lymphocyte counts4

  • human studyTreatment with imunofan and myelopid combination proved more efficacious than conventional antibacterial therapy alone in restoring phagocyte counts4

  • human studyImunofan and myelopid combination treatment reduces elevated T-suppressor levels in chronic suppurative otitis media patients4

  • human studyImunofan and myelopid combination treatment reduces elevated IgM levels in chronic suppurative otitis media patients4

  • human studyImmunofan is able to restore cell immunity, the oxygen-dependent neutrophilic bactericidal system and antiviral antibody production6

  • human studyIncluded into the complex therapy of patients with cancer diseases, Immunofan enhances the body's reserve capacity to inactivate free radicals and oxidants, substantially shortens radiation and toxic reactions6

  • human studyUsed in the complex therapy for chronic infections (brucellosis, hepatitis B and C, opportunistic infections), Immunofan enhances antiviral and antibacterial immunity, shortens the manifestation of clinical symptoms and major syndromes of diseases6

  • human studyImunofan reduced the occurrence of specific complications in advanced and toxic diphtheria7

  • human studyLethality fell 4.1-4.8-fold in patients with advanced and toxic diphtheria7

  • human studyImmunization with diphtheria toxoid (AD-M) resulted in changes of in vitro TNF and IL-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells8

  • human studySerum levels of TNF were markedly increased over a period of 3 weeks following AD-M immunization8

  • human studyPostvaccinal cytokine production disturbances may be corrected by pretreatment with Imunofan (synthetic hexapeptide)8

  • human studyImmunofan and tactivin, employed as a means of immunological correction in the complex treatment of adenocarcinoma, decrease the onset frequency of radiation-induced complications21

  • human studyImmunofan shows tendency to normalization of HCT-test results21

  • human studyImmunofan somewhat exceeds tactivin in the efficacy of endometrium adenocarcinoma treatment21

  • human studyImmunofan is able to restore cell immunity22

  • human studyImmunofan enhances antiviral antibody production22

  • human studyImmunofan enhances the body's reserve capacity to inactivate free radicals and oxidants in cancer patients22

  • human studyImmunofan substantially shortens radiation and toxic reactions in cancer therapy22

  • human studyImmunofan enhances antiviral and antibacterial immunity in chronic infections (brucellosis, hepatitis B and C, opportunistic infections)22

  • human studyImmunofan shortens the manifestation of clinical symptoms and major syndromes in chronic infectious diseases22

  • human studyMultiple studies with >1000 patients combined demonstrate improved liver function tests, reduced viral load, and enhanced treatment response when imunofan is added to standard antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B/C27

  • human studySignificant reduction in ALT/AST levels and improvement in liver histology scores27

  • human studyAdjuvant intramuscular Imunofan (1 mL of 0.005% solution, approximately 45 mcg, once daily for 8-10 days) in patients with advanced and toxic diphtheria was associated with reduced specific complications and a 4.1- to 4.8-fold reduction in mortality.28

  • human studyDaily intramuscular Imunofan 50 mcg for 10 days, added to a standard multi-drug regimen, in patients with acute optic neuritis associated with herpesvirus infection (n = 39, 22 treatment, 17 control) led to earlier inflammation resolution, 1.3-fold greater visual acuity improvement, and reduced post-neuritic optic-nerve atrophy incidence over 12 months of follow-up.28

  • animalImunofan stimulates readaptation processes in the testes after use against the background of environmental immunosuppression13

  • animalImunofan administration following Cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression increases the length and width of aggregated lymphoid nodules in the small intestine by day 714

  • animalIn ear pinna injury model in mice, IM moderately promoted tissue repair (8% in BALB/c and 36% in C57BL/6 in comparison to control)17

  • animalIntramuscular administration of Imunofan produced hyperalgesia with decreases in thresholds of nociceptive reactions19

  • animalHyperalgesia in stress-sensitive rats was significantly greater than in stress-resistant animals following Imunofan administration19

  • animalIntramuscular injection of imunofan (0.01 ml, 0.005% solution) depressed active behaviour of animals in open field and reduced pain thresholds20

  • animalImunofan-induced hyperalgesia was much higher in non-resistant rats compared to resistant ones20

  • animalIntracerebroventricular injections of imunofan were accompanied by stronger and more complex changes of pain sensitivity20

  • animalIn 13 rabbits with herpes simplex keratitis, subconjunctival Imunofan injections showed advantages over leukocytic interferon instillations.28

  • animalImunofan improved ear-pinna wound closure by approximately 8% (BALB/c) and 36% (C57BL/6) versus controls at 42 days in mice.28

  • in vitroImunofan (IM) exerted statistically significant pro-proliferative activity in skin cells9

  • in vitroImunofan (RDKVYR peptide) stimulates skin cell proliferation10

  • in vitroImunofan (RDKVYR peptide) stimulates skin cell proliferation15

  • expert opinionImunofan provides a balanced three-phase immunomodulatory response — fast antioxidant protection within hours, enhanced phagocytosis within days, and sustained restoration of cellular and humoral immunity lasting up to 4 months after treatment23

  • expert opinionReduce chemotherapy and radiation toxicity23

  • expert opinionStudied in over 100 clinical investigations in Russia24

  • expert opinionWhen co-administered with hepatitis B vaccine in immunodeficient patients, Imunofan significantly increased seroconversion rates and antibody titers compared to vaccine alone24

  • expert opinionIn HIV-positive patients, Imunofan courses administered alongside antiretroviral therapy improved CD4+ T-cell counts, reduced viral load, and decreased the frequency of opportunistic infections24

  • expert opinionParticularly effective in patients with CD4 counts between 200-500 cells/mm3, where it helped delay progression to AIDS-defining illness24

  • expert opinionApproved peptide drugs undergo a rigorous path of development and approval, with extensive clinical trials often consisting of thousands of subjects to establish efficacy and safety25

  • expert opinionIn immunosuppressed patients, it enhances T-cell function and antibody production27

  • expert opinionIn hyperactivated immune states (autoimmunity, allergic disease), it has regulatory effects that reduce excessive immune activation27

  • expert opinionStudied in over 200 clinical publications in Russian-language medical literature27

  • expert opinionEnhances antibody response to vaccines by 2-4x27

  • anecdotalPositive cytokine and microbiota normalization in 42 frequently ill children with acute respiratory disease treated with Imunofan, without documenting adverse effects.28

How it works

Based on 3 human trial findings, 5 human study findings, 9 animal findings, 20 in vitro findings, 37 expert opinion findings and 7 theoretical findings.

  • human trialImunofan's protection despite weaker humoral responses suggests a unique role in modulating non-antibody-mediated immunity3

  • human trialImunofan is an immunoregulatory peptide5

  • human trialImunofan significantly normalizes cellular and humoral immunity5

  • human studyImmunofan decreases the levels of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF and IL-6, and activates the redox system6

  • human studyTNF release was suppressed but IL-6 production was stimulated following AD-M immunization8

  • human studyImmunofan exhibits a pronounced immunocorrector effect indicated by increasing level of lymphocytes (including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+)21

  • human studyImmunofan increases helper coefficient (CD4+/CD8+)21

  • human studyImmunofan increases phagocyte activity of neutrophils21

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  • animalImunofan stimulates the production of cytokines and hormones13

  • animalImunofan normalizes the function of immunocompetent cells13

  • animalImunofan stabilizes the immune homeostasis of the testes13

  • animalImunofan increases the height and width of lymphoid nodules and internodular zones as structural components of lymphoid formations in the small intestine14

  • animalImunofan has the ability to neutralize the effects of Cyclophosphamide14

  • animalImunofan regenerates damaged cells and helps maintain the population of lymphocytes14

  • animalIntramuscular administration of Imunofan suppressed active behavior of animals in open field test19

  • animalIntracerebroventricular administration of Imunofan was accompanied by more marked and complex changes in pain sensitivity compared to intramuscular administration19

  • animalImmune stimulation with imunofan influences pain responses depending on individual resistance of animals to stress20

  • in vitroRDKVYR peptide was found to induce significant transcriptional responses9

  • in vitroImunofan affects proliferation of 46BR.1N fibroblasts15

  • in vitroImunofan affects proliferation of HaCaT keratinocyte cell lines15

  • in vitroImunofan affects proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs)15

  • in vitroImunofan affects immune cells activation15

  • in vitroImunofan peptide at concentrations 0.05, 0.25 μg/ml has antimicrobial characteristics against toxigenic C. difficile strain16

  • in vitroMoxifloxacin concentration 0-1.5 MIC stimulates C. difficile growth, regardless of the imunofan concentration16

  • in vitroMaximum growth inhibition for C. difficile was achieved with combined effects of imunofan at 1.5 μg/ml and moxifloxacin at 2.5 MIC16

  • in vitroIM exerted statistically significant pro-proliferative activity in human fibroblast cell lines (30-40% increase in proliferation)17

  • in vitroIM exerted statistically significant pro-proliferative activity in human keratinocyte cell lines (20-50% increase in proliferation)17

  • in vitroIM induced enhanced activity of genes involved in active DNA demethylation in fibroblasts17

  • in vitroIM induced activation of genes involved in immune responses, migration, and chemotaxis in adipose-derived stem cells17

  • in vitroHydrophilic hexapeptide Imunofan produces a modulatory effect on multiple drug resistance transport proteins depending on their functional activity18

  • in vitroThe hexapeptide inhibited multiple drug resistance proteins during substrate transport18

  • in vitroImunofan increased multiple drug resistance protein activity in the latent period18

  • in vitroBy the inhibition of multiple drug resistance, specific activity of Imunofan more than 1000-fold surpassed that of other substrate analogues18

  • in vitroRegulatory effect of this hexapeptide depends on protein kinase C18

  • in vitroImunofan inhibited P-glycoprotein and related multidrug-resistance transport proteins during active substrate transport while increasing their activity during latent periods, with inhibitory potency exceeding competitor substrate analogues by more than 1,000-fold in vitro; the effect was dependent on protein kinase C.28

  • in vitroIn aqueous solution, NMR studies identified a predominant conformation stabilized by a salt bridge between the Asp2 side-chain oxygen and the Arg6 NH proton.28

  • in vitroImunofan stimulated fibroblast proliferation by 20-40% and keratinocyte proliferation by 20-50% in vitro.28

  • expert opinionImmunofan is a hexapeptide Arg-alpha-Asp-Lys-Val-Tyr-Arg designed by chemically modifying the thymic hormone Thymopoietin in positions 32-376

  • expert opinionImmunofan is a hexapeptide Arg-alpha-Asp-Lys-Val-Tyr-Arg designed by chemically modifying thymic hormone Thymopoietin in positions 32-3722

  • expert opinionImmunofan restores the oxygen-dependent neutrophilic bactericidal system22

  • expert opinionImmunofan decreases the levels of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF and IL-622

  • expert opinionImmunofan activates the redox system22

  • expert opinionDemonstrated ability to stimulate fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation (30-50% increase)23

  • expert opinionPromote tissue repair through epigenetic mechanisms including DNA demethylation gene activation23

  • expert opinionPotent antioxidant activity that inactivates free radicals and peroxide compounds23

  • expert opinionHepatoprotective effects and redox balance restoration23

  • expert opinionImunofan is a synthetic hexapeptide (Arg-Asp-Lys-Val-Tyr-Arg) derived from a modified thymopoietin fragment24

  • expert opinionThree-phase action profile: fast phase (2-3 hours) involving antioxidant enzyme activation, intermediate phase (2-3 days) involving immune cell activation and cytokine modulation, and slow phase (up to 4 months) involving sustained immunoregulatory effects24

  • expert opinionWithin minutes of administration, Imunofan activates the ceruloplasmin-transferrin antioxidant system24

  • expert opinionIncreases ceruloplasmin catalytic activity by 30-40%24

  • expert opinionEnhances the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and reduces lipid peroxidation24

  • expert opinionStimulates phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages, enhances NK cell cytotoxicity, and promotes differentiation and functional maturation of T lymphocytes24

  • expert opinionIncreases the production of IL-2 by T-helper cells and modulates the expression of CD4 and CD8 markers24

  • expert opinionNormalizes the production of immunoglobulins, particularly IgA and IgG24

  • expert opinionStabilizes the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles24

  • expert opinionActivates hepatic antioxidant defenses and reduces inflammation-mediated liver damage24

  • expert opinionEnhances the detoxification capacity of the liver by upregulating cytochrome P450 enzymes and glutathione-S-transferase activity24

  • expert opinionPeptides are molecules composed of up to 40 to 50 amino acids25

  • expert opinionPeptides occupy a distinct biochemical and regulatory niche between small-molecule drugs (generally <500 Daltons) and large biological proteins (>5000 Daltons)25

  • expert opinionImmunofan is a synthetic hexapeptide immunomodulator with structural formula arginyl-alpha-aspartyl-lysyl-valyl-tyrosyl-arginine26

  • expert opinionImmunofan was developed as a modified synthetic analog of the biologically active region of thymopoietin26

  • expert opinionBiologically active region of thymopoietin identified as pentapeptide fragment at positions 32-36 (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr)26

  • expert opinionImmunofan modulates ceruloplasmin levels within 2-3 hours of administration26

  • expert opinionPeptide directly promotes inactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation products26

  • expert opinionEnhanced phagocytosis and bacterial killing occurs over 7-10 days26

  • expert opinionStimulates antibody production and immunoglobulin synthesis26

  • expert opinionT-cell subset normalization and CD4+/CD8+ ratio restoration occurs up to 4 months26

  • expert opinionImunofan (RDKVYR) is a synthetic hexapeptide derived from the 32-36 active site of thymopoietin II with an additional N-terminal arginine residue27

  • expert opinionActs as an immunocorrector normalizing immune function toward homeostasis regardless of the direction of the imbalance27

  • expert opinionRapidly increases intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) levels by 2-3x27

  • expert opinionIn the initial phase (onset within 2-3 hours) Imunofan is reported to modulate circulating ceruloplasmin and lactoferrin, scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.28

  • expert opinionIn an intermediate phase (approximately 7-10 days) it is said to enhance neutrophil and macrophage bactericidal activity and promote B-cell differentiation and antibody production.28

  • expert opinionA longer-term phase (described as lasting up to 4 months) involves normalization of CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios and consolidation of immune memory.28

  • expert opinionThe peptide is described as modulatory rather than simply stimulatory, normalizing abnormal immune parameters bidirectionally.28

  • theoreticalEnzymatic degradation by proteases and rapid clearance by renal filtration are the major reasons for short half-life in therapeutic peptides and proteins12

  • theoreticalThe threshold of renal filtration is about 40-50 kDa; biopharmaceuticals with a molecular weight below 50 kDa are rapidly eliminated by kidney filtration12

  • theoreticalMolecules with a negative surface charge are eliminated less rapidly than neutral and positive molecules due to repulsion by the negatively charged polysaccharides on membranes in the glomerular filter12

  • theoreticalTwo most frequently used half-life extension methods are the reduction in the rate of renal clearance or the exploitation of the recycling mechanism of FcRn by binding to the albumin or IgG-Fc12

  • theoreticalImunofan structure obtained after 10 ns of MD simulation in water shows hydrogen bonds and salt bridges15

  • theoreticalImunofan is a synthetic hexapeptide of 836 Da modeled on positions 32-37 of thymopoietin, a 49-amino-acid hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells.28

  • theoreticalThymopoietin binds membrane receptors on prothymocytes and mature T cells, coupling to adenylate cyclase in precursor cells and guanylate cyclase in mature T cells, thereby directing differentiation and functional activation of T-lymphocyte subpopulations.28

Dosing

Based on 1 human study finding and 6 expert opinion findings.

  • human studyA single intramuscular injection was given daily for 8-10 days7

  • expert opinionImmunofan is manufactured in ampoules containing 1 ml of 0.005% sterile solution for subcutaneous and intramuscular injections6

  • expert opinionImmunofan is manufactured in ampoules containing 1 ml of 0.005% sterile solution for subcutaneous and intramuscular injections22

  • expert opinionStandard injectable dose per the Russian pharmacopeia product label; the single subcutaneous dose is 45 mcg with a maximum daily dose of 45 mcg23

  • expert opinionCourse of 5-15 injections (about 10-30 days)23

  • expert opinionAvailable in three pharmaceutical forms: injectable solution (45 mcg/mL), intranasal spray (50 mcg per dose), and rectal suppositories (90-100 mcg per suppository)26

  • expert opinionCommercially available in Russia as injectable solution (0.005% for SC/IM injection), nasal spray, and rectal suppositories27

How the body handles it

Based on 1 human trial finding, 3 in vitro findings, 5 expert opinion findings and 3 theoretical findings.

  • human trialImunofan (836 Da) was synthesized via SPPS, purified by RP-HPLC, and validated by LC-MS3

  • in vitroCD spectra of Imunofan peptide in PBS at pH 7.4 measured over temperature range 25-50°C15

  • in vitroIM displayed stability in aqueous solutions17

  • in vitroIn plasma, IM was rapidly bound by albumins17

  • expert opinionHalf-life approximately 2-4 hours (intranasal administration)23

  • expert opinionBioavailability ~90-95% (subcutaneous injection)23

  • expert opinionThree-phase temporal profile: fast (2-3 hours), medium (7-10 days), slow (up to 4 months)26

  • expert opinionPharmacological phases occur over approximately 2-3 hours after administration27

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  • expert opinionPlasma half-life is short: the peptide binds albumin and becomes undetectable in plasma within approximately one hour at 37 degrees C.28

  • theoreticalPeptides and proteins exhibit short plasma half-lives, typically from a few minutes to a few hours, leading to the necessity for frequent or continuous injections12

  • theoreticalThe growth hormone, with a molecular weight of 22 kDa, has a half-life of 0.36 h after intravenous injection and 3.4 h after subcutaneous injection12

  • theoreticalThe half-life of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is only 1-2 min, because of inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)12

Safety and side effects

Based on 1 animal finding, 5 in vitro findings and 4 expert opinion findings.

  • animalToxicity was assessed in 30 Wistar rats (60 eyes) with no toxic effects observed on intact tissue.28

  • in vitroImunofan revealed no cytotoxicity over a vast range of concentrations9

  • in vitroImunofan had no allergic properties9

  • in vitroIM revealed no cytotoxicity over a vast range of concentrations17

  • in vitroIM had no allergic properties17

  • in vitroNo cytotoxicity or basophil activation was detected across seven independent experiments.28

  • expert opinionUnapproved peptides are frequently carrying disclaimers like research chemical or not for human consumption to circumvent regulatory oversight25

  • expert opinionPeptides produced on the gray market are not subject to Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) guidelines or regulatory oversight25

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  • expert opinionImmunofan has not received regulatory approval from FDA, EMA, or MHRA26

  • expert opinionNo significant adverse effects reported across extensive clinical use27

What people use it for

Based on 2 human trial findings, 6 human study findings, 1 animal finding, 3 in vitro findings, 11 expert opinion findings and 1 theoretical finding.

  • human trialImunofan is a synthetic peptide adjuvant3

  • human trialImunofan can serve as a safer alternative to conventional adjuvants3

  • human studyImunofan was used for immune correction in elderly and senile patients with venous trophic ulcers2

  • human studyImmunofan use ensures the continuum of chemoradiotherapy6

  • human studyImunofan was used as adjuvant to conventional treatment in diphtheria7

  • human studyImunofan is recommended for patients with allergic reaction to diphtheria antitoxin7

  • human studyImunofan treatment could prevent some postvaccinal complications8

  • human studyImmunofan ensures the continuum of chemoradiotherapy22

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  • animalImunofan is an immune stimulator19

  • in vitroImunofan promotes tissue repair10

  • in vitroRDKVYR is a synthetic hexapeptide assessed for potential efficacy in stimulation of tissue repair and wound healing11

  • in vitroImunofan promotes tissue repair15

  • expert opinionImunofan-RDKVYR Peptide is a potential agent in regenerative medicine14

  • expert opinionDeveloped in Russia as an immunomodulator with antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties24

  • expert opinionUsed clinically as an adjunct in HIV, cancer, and chronic hepatitis24

  • expert opinionA parallel and pervasive gray market has emerged, driven by direct-to-consumer sales of unapproved peptides25

  • expert opinionUnapproved peptides are aggressively marketed to the general public through social media and online forums25

  • expert opinionPurported benefits of unapproved peptides include accelerated musculoskeletal injury recovery, muscle hypertrophy, and athletic performance enhancement25

  • expert opinionImmunofan approved for clinical use in Russia in the 1990s26

  • expert opinionRegistered for treatment of immunodeficiency states, chronic infections (hepatitis B and C, brucellosis, opportunistic infections), and supportive therapy in oncology26

  • expert opinionAlso approved in Russia for veterinary immunomodulation26

  • expert opinionApproved in Russia and several CIS countries as an immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant therapeutic agent27

  • expert opinionUsed clinically for chronic infections (hepatitis B/C, HPV, chlamydia), immunodeficiencies, post-surgical recovery, oncology adjunctive therapy, and as a vaccine adjuvant27

  • theoreticalImunofan (RDKVYR hexapeptide) is marketed as an immunostimulant17

Other findings

Based on 3 expert opinion findings and 1 theoretical finding.

  • expert opinionGlobal sales of approved peptide drugs will likely reach $75 billion USD by 202825

  • expert opinionDeveloped at the Institute of Immunology in Moscow during the 1980s-1990s27

  • expert opinionPublished clinical evidence for Imunofan is predominantly from Russian-language literature produced largely by or affiliated with its developer. Independent replication by Western research groups is absent, and most primary sources are not indexed in English-language databases.28

  • theoreticalMolecular weight of 836 Da26

Points of contention

Where the evidence is unsettled, thin, or says less than the popular claim — worth knowing before you draw conclusions.

Limited evidence

Most clinical evidence is Russian-language and from the developer, without independent Western replication.

Imunofan: Mechanism, Dosing & Research — PeptideSciences101 notes that published clinical evidence for Imunofan is predominantly from Russian-language literature produced largely by or affiliated with its developer, that independent replication by Western research groups is absent, and that most primary sources are not indexed in English-language databases. Imunofan: Research Profile, Mechanism & Protocols | PepGuide | PepGuide and Imunofan - Wikipep — The Peptide Encyclopedia cite 'over 100' and 'over 200' clinical publications almost entirely in Russian literature.

Single source

HIV and hepatitis B/C efficacy claims rest on single low-tier web sources.

Claims that Imunofan improves CD4+ counts, reduces viral load and delays AIDS progression come only from tier-3 Imunofan: Research Profile, Mechanism & Protocols | PepGuide | PepGuide, and the '1000+ patient' hepatitis benefit only from tier-3 Imunofan - Wikipep — The Peptide Encyclopedia; neither is corroborated by higher-tier primary studies in the source set.

Contested

Animal data suggest Imunofan can cause hyperalgesia, unlike the uniformly benign safety profile claimed elsewhere.

[Nociceptive reactions during stimulation of immunity in rats with various individual resistance to stress]. and Nociceptive reactions during stimulation of immunity in rats with different individual sensitivities to stress. report that intramuscular and intracerebroventricular Imunofan in rats suppressed activity and produced hyperalgesia (reduced pain thresholds), especially in stress-sensitive animals—an adverse behavioral/nociceptive effect not reflected in the 'no significant adverse effects' claims from Imunofan - Wikipep — The Peptide Encyclopedia and the no-cytotoxicity/no-allergy in vitro findings.

Limited evidence

Many mechanistic and pharmacokinetic details are expert-opinion or in vitro, not confirmed in humans.

Specific figures such as 30-40% ceruloplasmin activity increase, 2-3x glutathione rise, 2-4x vaccine antibody enhancement, ~90-95% subcutaneous bioavailability, and 2-4 hour intranasal half-life derive from tier-3 web sources (Imunofan: Research Profile, Mechanism & Protocols | PepGuide | PepGuide, Imunofan - Wikipep — The Peptide Encyclopedia, Imunofan Dosing, Need to Know Information, Safety,… | Peptide Initiative) as expert opinion rather than measured human pharmacokinetic studies.

Single source

Adjuvant study reports weaker antibody response than a standard adjuvant.

Solid-Phase Synthesized Imunofan Confers Clinically Relevant Protection using a Chimeric Protein Vaccine Candidate Against E. coli O157:H7 in BALB/c Mice. (tier-1) found ESI+Imunofan elicited a substantially lower IgG response than ESI+Freund's adjuvant (9.1 vs 12.3 log10) despite comparable protection, tempering claims of enhanced antibody production seen in other sources.

Other

Imunofan is not approved by major Western regulators and much online marketing is unregulated.

Immunofan (Arginyl-Alpha-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Valyl-Tyrosyl-Arginine): Research Evidence & Safety Profile | PeptideInsight states Imunofan has no FDA, EMA, or MHRA approval, and Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for ... describes a pervasive gray market of unapproved peptides sold without cGMP or regulatory oversight, relevant to product quality and claims.

Using it with other compounds

Check a stack
  • TB-500Complementary

    No documented conflict

    TB-500 drives cytoskeletal-based cell migration, angiogenesis and NF-κB-suppressing anti-inflammatory repair. This converges with imunofan's reported fibroblast/keratinocyte stimulation and anti-inflammatory cytokine modulation through an entirely different mechanism, supporting a complementary tissue-recovery goal.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms clearly support the claimed shared dimensions. For tissue_repair: Imunofan explicitly stimulates fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and tissue repair; TB-500 drives angiogenesis, cell migration, and tissue/collagen matrix remodeling—distinct but convergent mechanisms. For anti_inflammatory: Imunofan reduces TNF and IL-6 through cytokine modulation; TB-500 reduces TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 via NF-κB suppression—again, different pathways achieving the same outcome. The explanation accurately characterizes these as mechanistically distinct (cytokine modulation vs. NF-κB suppression; thymopoietin signaling vs. actin/integrin dynamics) yet functionally complementary for tissue recovery, which is precisely what 'complementary' should mean. The mechanisms do not contradict this relationship.

    Shares tissue repair · anti inflammatory

  • SelankComplementary

    No documented conflict

    Selank (a tuftsin analog) has immunomodulatory and Th1/Th2-balancing, anti-inflammatory effects alongside its main anxiolytic/nootropic role. Its immune actions run parallel to imunofan's without sharing the same receptor, so the two could complement each other where mild immune modulation plus CNS support is the goal.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms clearly support anti-inflammatory and T_cell_regulation dimensions. Imunofan targets thymopoietin receptors and modulates Th1/Th2 balance with explicit TNF/IL-6 reduction and CD4/CD8 normalization. Selank targets GABAergic and serotonergic systems but its mechanisms include Th1-Th2 and interferon signaling pathways, plus immunomodulatory effects. The proposed relationship correctly identifies that they operate through distinct receptor systems (thymopoietin vs. GABA/5-HT/enkephalin) while both producing anti-inflammatory and T-cell regulatory outcomes. This non-overlapping receptor profile with parallel functional endpoints is a valid basis for calling them complementary rather than redundant. The explanation accurately reflects the mechanism material provided.

    Shares anti inflammatory · T cell regulation

  • KPVComplementary

    No documented conflict

    KPV is a potent NF-κB-suppressing anti-inflammatory (lowering TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) with mucosal/antimicrobial activity, working through a different mechanism than imunofan's thymic immunocorrection. Both push toward calmer inflammation and better mucosal defense, making them a plausible complementary anti-inflammatory pairing.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms clearly establish the two shared dimensions. (1) Innate_immune: Imunofan enhances phagocytic/bactericidal activity of neutrophils and macrophages, and NK cell cytotoxicity; KPV shows antimicrobial activity and mucosal barrier repair. (2) Anti_inflammatory: Imunofan modulates anti-inflammatory cytokines (reduced TNF, IL-6); KPV suppresses TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 via NF-κB inhibition. The explanation correctly identifies mechanistic distinction (thymic immunocorrection vs. NF-κB suppression) and complementarity is justified: they target inflammation through different pathways (Imunofan via thymopoietin/cAMP-PKA/Th1-Th2 balance; KPV via NF-κB/MAPK) while both reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and supporting innate immunity. The proposed pairing is well-grounded in the provided mechanisms.

    Shares innate immune · anti inflammatory

  • LL-37Complementary

    No documented conflict

    Imunofan bidirectionally normalizes immune function, boosts phagocytosis/NK activity and antioxidant defenses, and supports tissue repair, while LL-37 adds direct antimicrobial and TLR-based innate actions. Different mechanisms converging on immune balance and repair.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms clearly support the three claimed shared dimensions. (1) Innate_immune: LL-37 targets FPR2, TLRs, and promotes NETs/chemotaxis; Imunofan enhances phagocytic/bactericidal activity and NK cytotoxicity. (2) Anti_inflammatory: LL-37 shows immunomodulation with both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects; Imunofan explicitly modulates anti-inflammatory cytokines (reduced TNF, IL-6). (3) Tissue_repair: LL-37 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and keratinocyte migration; Imunofan stimulates fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation. The explanation accurately characterizes their complementary nature—LL-37 provides direct antimicrobial/TLR signaling while Imunofan provides bidirectional immune normalization and antioxidant support—with both converging on innate immunity, inflammation control, and tissue repair. The mechanisms justify this relationship type and all three shared dimensions.

    Shares innate immune · anti inflammatory · tissue repair

  • PidotimodSame downstream effect

    Worth caution

    Pidotimod drives dendritic-cell maturation, Th1 differentiation, immunoglobulin production and phagocytosis through TLR2/TLR7 — a different upstream trigger than imunofan's thymopoietin pathway, but both raise T-cell competence and antimicrobial defense. They can complement each other for immune support, though effects on the same output should be monitored to avoid over-stimulation.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms clearly establish the three shared dimensions claimed. Innate_immune: both enhance phagocytosis, NK cell activity, and antimicrobial defenses. Anti_inflammatory: both modulate cytokine balance (Imunofan reduces TNF/IL-6; Pidotimod drives Th1/IL-2/IFN-gamma). T_cell_regulation: both normalize T-cell ratios and enhance T-lymphocyte function. The proposed relationship correctly identifies distinct upstream triggers (thymopoietin receptors vs. TLR2/TLR7) converging on shared downstream immune outputs (enhanced T-cell competence, immunoglobulin production, phagocytic activity). The mechanisms support this 'same_downstream' characterization and the cautionary note about monitoring combined effects is reasonable given both drive overlapping immune pathways.

    Shares innate immune · anti inflammatory · T cell regulation

  • ThymulinSame mechanism

    Worth caution

    Both are thymus-derived peptide hormones that normalize T-cell maturation, CD4/CD8 balance and NK cytotoxicity while dampening pro-inflammatory cytokines. Because they converge on the same thymic immune-tuning output, running them together is largely redundant rather than additive — pick one thymic immunomodulator rather than stacking two.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    While both peptides share three approved tags (innate_immune, anti_inflammatory, T_cell_regulation) and produce overlapping functional outcomes (T-cell maturation, CD4/CD8 balance, NK enhancement, cytokine modulation), the mechanism descriptions reveal distinct molecular pathways that do not justify 'same_mechanism' classification. Imunofan targets thymopoietin receptors via adenylate/guanylate cyclase and PKC-dependent P-glycoprotein modulation, with antioxidant effects through ceruloplasmin-transferrin and glutathione systems. Thymulin operates through NF-κB and p38 MAPK inhibition with zinc-dependent metallopeptide activation and α7-nicotinic receptor potentiation. These are fundamentally different signaling cascades (cAMP/PKA vs. NF-κB/MAPK) with different receptor systems and cofactor requirements. Shared functional endpoints do not establish mechanistic equivalence. The claim that they are 'largely redundant' cannot be supported from the provided mechanisms—convergent outputs from divergent pathways typically allow complementary rather than redundant effects.

    Shares innate immune · anti inflammatory · T cell regulation

  • LactoferrinComplementary

    No documented conflict

    Lactoferrin adds broad-spectrum antimicrobial and iron-homeostasis activity plus immune/antioxidant modulation. Its mechanisms differ from imunofan's thymic pathway, so combining innate antimicrobial defense with imunofan's enhanced phagocytic and NK activity is a reasonable complementary immune-support pairing.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms clearly support the claimed complementary relationship with the three shared dimensions. Imunofan targets thymopoietin receptors to enhance T-cell development, NK cytotoxicity, phagocytic activity, and adaptive immunity (approved tags: innate_immune, anti_inflammatory, T_cell_regulation). Lactoferrin provides direct antimicrobial activity via iron binding and microbial cell-surface interactions, plus innate immune modulation (approved tags: innate_immune, anti_inflammatory, antimicrobial). Both demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects (TNF/IL-6 modulation for Imunofan; inflammatory response modulation for Lactoferrin) and antioxidant activity (glutathione/catalase pathways vs. ROS scavenging). The mechanisms are indeed distinct—Imunofan works through thymic hormone signaling and adaptive immunity enhancement, while Lactoferrin operates via direct antimicrobial binding and innate defense—making them mechanistically complementary rather than redundant. The explanation accurately reflects that combining Imunofan's enhanced phagocytic/NK activity with Lactoferrin's broad-spectrum antimicrobial and iron-homeostasis functions represents a reasonable pairing of adaptive and innate immune support.

    Shares innate immune · anti inflammatory · antimicrobial

  • VilonSame downstream effect

    Worth caution

    Vilon is a Khavinson bioregulator that improves CD4/CD8 ratio, stimulates thymic/immune cell differentiation and suppresses TNF/IL-6, reaching the same immune-normalizing endpoint as imunofan but via a proposed gene/chromatin route rather than thymopoietin receptors. Overlapping goals mean modest additive value at best and heavy redundancy in immune correction.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms clearly establish the three shared dimensions. Imunofan targets thymopoietin receptors and normalizes CD4/CD8 ratios, enhances immune cell differentiation, and modulates TNF/IL-6 downward. Vilon improves CD4/CD8 ratio, stimulates thymic/immune cell differentiation, and suppresses IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α. Both are tagged innate_immune, anti_inflammatory, and T_cell_regulation. The proposed relationship correctly identifies that despite different upstream mechanisms (receptor-mediated vs. proposed gene/chromatin), both converge on similar downstream immune-normalizing endpoints (CD4/CD8 correction, thymic stimulation, cytokine suppression). The 'same_downstream' classification is justified by the mechanism descriptions showing parallel functional outcomes in immune correction, even though the pathways diverge upstream.

    Shares innate immune · anti inflammatory · T cell regulation

  • ElafinComplementary

    No documented conflict

    Imunofan is a thymopoietin-based immunomodulator that boosts phagocytic/antimicrobial defenses and supports tissue repair, complementing elafin's antiprotease and antimicrobial actions. Different mechanisms supporting immune balance and mucosal repair.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides share the three claimed dimensions in their approved tags and mechanisms. Elafin targets neutrophil serine proteases and provides antimicrobial/tissue protection via protease inhibition and NF-κB modulation. Imunofan enhances phagocytic/bactericidal activity and tissue repair via thymopoietin receptor signaling and antioxidant pathways. Their mechanisms are distinct (protease inhibition vs. immune cell activation) yet both contribute to innate immunity, anti-inflammatory effects, and tissue repair. The 'complementary' relationship is justified: they operate through different pathways (Elafin: direct protease inhibition; Imunofan: immune cell enhancement and redox balance) to achieve overlapping functional outcomes in immune defense and tissue homeostasis.

    Shares innate immune · anti inflammatory · tissue repair

Safety and side effects

Safety Profile

Across extensive clinical use, no significant adverse effects have been reported according to developer-affiliated sources. In vitro studies found Imunofan produced no cytotoxicity over a wide concentration range, no basophil activation across seven independent experiments, and no allergic properties. An ophthalmic toxicity assessment in 30 Wistar rats (60 eyes) observed no toxic effects on intact tissue. Positive outcomes (cytokine and microbiota normalization) were reported in 42 frequently ill children with acute respiratory disease without documented adverse effects.

Important Caveats

  • Contradictory animal safety signal: In contrast to the uniformly benign profile claimed elsewhere, rat studies found that intramuscular Imunofan suppressed active behavior in the open field and produced hyperalgesia (reduced pain thresholds), with effects significantly greater in stress-sensitive/non-resistant animals; intracerebroventricular injection caused stronger and more complex changes in pain sensitivity. This adverse behavioral/nociceptive effect is not reflected in the 'no significant adverse effects' claims.
  • Evidence limitations: The safety record derives largely from Russian-language, developer-affiliated literature without independent Western replication.
  • No Western regulatory approval: Imunofan is not approved by the FDA, EMA, or MHRA.
  • Gray-market quality concerns: Unapproved peptides sold on the gray market are frequently labeled 'research chemical' or 'not for human consumption,' are marketed via social media, and are not subject to cGMP or regulatory oversight — raising concerns about product identity, purity, and quality.

This profile summarizes what the research reports and is not medical advice.

Reconstitution and handling

Pharmaceutical Forms

No dose has been established for this compound. No regulatory label exists for it, so the figures below are what sources report — not guidance.

In Russia, Imunofan is available in three pharmaceutical forms:

  • Injectable solution: 0.005% (approximately 45 mcg/mL), for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, manufactured in ampoules containing 1 mL of sterile solution.
  • Intranasal spray: 50 mcg per dose.
  • Rectal suppositories: 90-100 mcg per suppository.

Dosing (as reported)

Per the Russian pharmacopeia, the standard injectable single subcutaneous dose is 45 mcg (maximum daily dose 45 mcg), typically administered as a course of 5-15 injections over about 10-30 days.

In the clinical literature, adjuvant regimens have used, for example, 1 mL of 0.005% solution (~45 mcg) intramuscularly once daily for 8-10 days (advanced/toxic diphtheria), and 50 mcg intramuscularly daily for 10 days (herpesvirus-associated optic neuritis).

Preparation and Stability Notes

Imunofan is supplied as a ready-to-use sterile aqueous solution in ampoules rather than as a lyophilized powder requiring reconstitution. The peptide is reported to be stable in aqueous solutions. Structural characterization used circular dichroism spectra measured in PBS at pH 7.4 across 25-50°C. For research synthesis, Imunofan has been produced via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), purified by RP-HPLC, and validated by LC-MS.

Pharmacokinetically, Imunofan binds albumin and becomes undetectable in plasma within approximately one hour at 37°C, consistent with the short plasma half-lives typical of small therapeutic peptides. A separate expert-opinion source reports an intranasal half-life of ~2-4 hours and subcutaneous bioavailability of ~90-95%, though these figures are not confirmed by measured human pharmacokinetic studies.

Dosing information is reported from published sources and regulatory registration in Russia; it is not a recommendation. Imunofan is not approved by Western regulators.

Sources

Ordered by evidence quality — the strongest first.

  1. A first-in-human Phase I dose-escalation trial of the novel ...(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1Web · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. [Effectiveness of local treatment of venous trophic ulcers in gerontological patients].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2025
  3. Solid-Phase Synthesized Imunofan Confers Clinically Relevant Protection using a Chimeric Protein Vaccine Candidate Against E. coli O157:H7 in BALB/c Mice.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2025
  4. [Peculiarities of the treatment of patients presenting with chronic suppurative otitis media associated with Gram-negative microorganisms].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2010
  5. [Using regulatory peptide imunofan in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic foot syndrome].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2009
  6. [Imunofan: new-generation synthetic peptide agent].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 1999
  7. [A trial of the use of the immunocorrective preparation Imunofan for treating diphtheria].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 1996
  8. Changes in TNF and IL-6 production after diphtheria toxoid vaccination: drug modulation of the cytokine levels.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 1996
  9. [PDF] Imunofan—RDKVYR Peptide—Stimulates Skin Cell Proliferation and Promotes Tissue Repair | Semantic Scholar(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · semanticscholar.org
  10. Imunofan—RDKVYR Peptide—Stimulates Skin Cell Proliferation ...(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Imunofan—RDKVYR Peptide—Stimulates Skin Cell Proliferation ...(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. recent-advances-in-half-life-extension-strategies-for- ...(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · scispace.com
  13. EFFECT OF IMUNOFAN INFLUENCE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE TESTES, HORMONAL AND CYTOKINE PROFILE OF IMMATURE EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2022
  14. Evaluation of Morphological and Histological Changes of Aggregated Lymph Nodes in the Small Intestine after Imofan Treatment in Immunosuppressed Rats.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2021
  15. Imunofan—RDKVYR Peptide—Stimulates Skin Cell Proliferation and Promotes Tissue Repair(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · mdpi.com · 2020
  16. [Peptide imunofan and moxifloxacin combined effects on toxigenic strain Clostridium difficile in vitro.].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2020
  17. Imunofan-RDKVYR Peptide-Stimulates Skin Cell Proliferation and Promotes Tissue Repair.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2020
  18. Hydrophilic hexapeptide Imunofan as a hyperactive regulator of transport proteins for multiple drug resistance.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2006
  19. Nociceptive reactions during stimulation of immunity in rats with different individual sensitivities to stress.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2003
  20. [Nociceptive reactions during stimulation of immunity in rats with various individual resistance to stress].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2002
  21. [Use of tactivin and imunofan for the treatment of patients with endometrial carcinoma].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2001
  22. [Imunofan: new-generation synthetic peptide agent].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 1999
  23. Imunofan Dosing, Need to Know Information, Safety,… | Peptide Initiative(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · peptideinitiative.com
  24. Imunofan: Research Profile, Mechanism & Protocols | PepGuide | PepGuide(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · pepguide.io
  25. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for ...(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · preprints.org
  26. Immunofan (Arginyl-Alpha-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Valyl-Tyrosyl-Arginine): Research Evidence & Safety Profile | PeptideInsight(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · peptideinsight.com · 2026
  27. Imunofan - Wikipep — The Peptide Encyclopedia(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · wikipep.org · 2026
  28. Imunofan: Mechanism, Dosing & Research — PeptideSciences101(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · peptidesciences101.com · 2025
  29. (PDF) Recent Advances in Half-life Extension Strategies for ...(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 4Web · researchgate.net
  30. Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on the Pharmacokinetics of Peptides: When Is the Assessment of Certain Factors Warranted?(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 4Web · mdpi.com
  31. Imunofan-RDKVYR Peptide-Stimulates Skin Cell Proliferation and Promotes Tissue Repair. | Read by QxMD(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 4Web · read.qxmd.com