Oxytocin

human trialDoses over 48 IU per day revealed significant results for repetitive behaviors³

human trialHigher doses of intranasal oxytocin could be more effective for repetitive behaviors according to dose-response meta-analysis³

human trialOxytocin is FDA-approved for use in the antepartum and postpartum periods to facilitate labor and control postpartum hemorrhage⁴

human trialA National Institutes of Health study suggests that oxytocin does not improve social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder⁴

human trialOxytocin stimulates rhythmic contractions of the uterus, increases the frequency of existing contractions and raises the tone of the uterine musculature⁵

human trialActive management of labor and high-dose oxytocin regimens can shorten the length of labor⁶

human trialHigh-dose oxytocin regimens reduce the incidence of clinical chorioamnionitis⁶

human trialMost studies reported no differences in cesarean delivery rates with active management of labor or high-dose oxytocin regimens⁶

human trialThe low bioavailability (<1%) and large intersubject variability in plasma oxytocin after intranasal dosing could partially explain the inconsistent reports of oxytocin efficacy in the clinical literature with this delivery method⁸

human trialActive management of labor and high-dose oxytocin regimens can shorten the length of labor¹¹

human trialHigh-dose oxytocin regimens reduce the incidence of clinical chorioamnionitis¹¹

human trialMost studies reported no differences in cesarean delivery rates with active management of labor or high-dose oxytocin regimens¹¹

human trialHigh-quality research has demonstrated that outpatient care for cervical ripening is acceptable to mothers and caregivers, has economic benefits and has an acceptable safety profile in appropriately selected low-risk inductions¹³

human trialClinical trials have shown oxytocin provides therapeutic benefits for patients diagnosed with stress-related disorders¹⁴

human trialCesarean delivery rate did not differ between patients who underwent preinduction cervical ripening with Foley balloon alone versus those who received oxytocin in addition to Foley balloon¹⁶

human trialNo differences in composite and maternal outcomes were detected between Foley balloon alone and Foley balloon plus oxytocin groups¹⁶

human trialCompared with simultaneous use of oxytocin with Foley balloon, the Foley alone cervical ripening group had a longer induction to delivery time¹⁶

human trialFoley balloon alone group had lower deliveries within 12 and 24 hours compared to Foley balloon plus oxytocin¹⁶

human trialMultiparous women in the Foley balloon alone group had lower rate of vaginal delivery within 24 hours¹⁶

human trialAdding oxytocin to Foley balloon at the time of preinduction cervical ripening does not reduce cesarean rates nor improve maternal or neonatal outcomes¹⁶

human trialDouble-blind, placebo-controlled study of intranasal oxytocin in 12 patients (9 females, 3 males) with obsessive compulsive disorder¹⁹

human trialNo reductions in the number of obsessions or compulsive behaviors were observed with oxytocin treatment compared to placebo¹⁹

human trialResults do not support the hypothesis that oxytocin might be a potential anticompulsive agent¹⁹

human trialA 15-RCT anxiety review (~272 participants) found no significant effects²⁷

human studyIn persons without known developmental or psychiatric disorders, intranasal oxytocin increases social affiliation, social memory, and empathy¹

human studyOne study suggests that intranasal oxytocin may benefit social responsiveness in younger children with autism, particularly those aged 3 to 5⁴

human studyOne study suggests that intranasal oxytocin may benefit social responsiveness in younger children with autism, particularly those aged 3 to 5⁹

human studyA National Institutes of Health (NIH) study suggests that oxytocin does not improve social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder⁹

human studyIntranasal oxytocin administration has been demonstrated to be one potential strategy to alleviate some brain disorders/diseases, such as autism, obesity, and anxiety¹⁰

human studyStudies suggest, but have not yet proven, that labor may be associated with long-term, behavioral and physiological adaptations in the mother and infant, possibly involving epigenetic modulation of oxytocin production and release and the oxytocin receptor¹²

human studyHigh-dose infusions of oxytocin may shorten the duration of labor by up to 2 hours compared with no infusion of oxytocin¹²

human studyHigh-dose infusions of oxytocin do not lower the frequency of cesarean delivery¹²

human studySynthetic oxytocin after delivery induces uterine contraction which leads to uterine separation of the placenta and prevents postpartum hemorrhage¹²

human studySynthetic oxytocin after delivery promotes the expulsion of the placenta¹²

human studyOxytocin works for anxiety suppression and anti-stress¹⁴

human studyOf the twelve studies focused on endogenous oxytocin, eight studies suggested an inverse relationship between plasma OT levels and depressive symptoms¹⁵

human studyTwo additional open-label patients treated with threefold higher dosage showed minimal effect: one patient had slight reduction in checking rituals, the other had virtually no effect¹⁹

human studySynthetic oxytocin preparation is as effective as natural oxytocin²⁰

human studyResults of human intranasal oxytocin studies do not appear to confirm the facilitatory role found in laboratory animals²²

expert opinionWe are not able to draw any conclusions regarding the relationship between intravenous synthetic oxytocin and postpartum depression based on current evidence due to the heterogeneity and small number of studies¹⁵

expert opinionThere is a pressing need for rigorous, randomized controlled clinical trials targeting actual patients with oxytocin²¹

expert opinionThe bulk of extant OT studies in humans are single-dose studies on normals, and do not directly relate to improvements in human brain-based diseases²¹

expert opinionUterine-contracting properties of oxytocin were first identified by Henry Hallett Dale in 1906²³

expert opinionOxytocin milk ejection properties were described by Ott and Scott in 1910²³

expert opinionSynthetic oxytocin is FDA-approved for labor induction, labor augmentation, and management of postpartum hemorrhage²³

expert opinionOxytocin is FDA-approved as Pitocin for labor induction, labor augmentation, management of incomplete or inevitable abortion, and control of postpartum hemorrhage²⁷

expert opinionClinical studies suggest potential roles in reducing anxiety, modulating PTSD symptoms, and influencing social cognition, with mixed results in ASD trials²⁷

human studyFunctional neuroimaging studies involving persons with autism spectrum disorder have shown differences in regional brain activation in response to social stimuli after intranasal oxytocin administration, compared with placebo¹

human studyOxytocin is a peptide hormone that plays a key role in regulating the female reproductive system, including during labor and lactation⁶

human studyOxytocin is produced primarily in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland⁶

human studyOxytocin is a nonapeptide with molecular weight of 1007.2 Da⁶

human studyOxytocin is produced within the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary lobe into the circulation¹²

human studyOxytocin is released in pulses with increasing frequency and amplitude in the first and second stages of labor, with a few pulses released in the third stage of labor¹²

human studyDuring labor, the fetus exerts pressure on the cervix of the uterus, which activates a feedforward reflex-the Ferguson reflex-which releases oxytocin¹²

human studyWhen myometrial contractions activate sympathetic nerves, it decreases oxytocin release¹²

human studyWhen oxytocin binds to specific myometrial oxytocin receptors, it induces myometrial contractions¹²

human studyHigh levels of circulating estrogen at term make the receptors more sensitive¹²

human studyOxytocin stimulates prostaglandin synthesis and release in the decidua and chorioamniotic membranes by activating a specific type of oxytocin receptor¹²

human studyProstaglandins contribute to cervical ripening and uterine contractility in labor¹²

human studyThe oxytocin system in the brain has been implicated in decreasing maternal levels of fear, pain, and stress¹²

human studyOxytocin release and function during labor are stimulated by social support¹²

human studyOxytocin neurons are activated by various stressful stimuli¹⁴

human studyThe oxytocin receptor is widely distributed within the brain¹⁴

human studyOxytocin that is released or diffused affects behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses¹⁴

human studyOxytocin maintains homeostasis and shifts the set point for adaptation to a changing environment (allostasis)¹⁴

human studyOxytocin contributes to recovery from shifted set point by inducing active coping responses to stressful stimuli (resilience)¹⁴

human studyOxytocin receptors can occur almost ubiquitously in the organism¹⁷

human studyOxytocin is formed outside of the brain¹⁷

human studyNeurohypophysical oxytocin plays a role in the expulsive phase of labour in all mammalian species¹⁸

human studyOxytocin likely plays a role in the initiation of labour¹⁸

human studyIn women and rhesus monkeys, initiation of labour may be mediated by paracrine rather than endocrine mechanisms¹⁸

human studyOxytocin receptor expression leads directly to contraction in the myometrium and prostaglandin formation in the decidua¹⁸

human studyThere is a dramatic increase in oxytocin receptor expression in myometrium and decidua in late pregnancy¹⁸

animalIn animals, oxytocin increases social approach and social memory¹

animalOxytocin is important for the precise timing of the onset of labour¹⁸

animalImportant interrelationships exist between oxytocin and prostaglandins¹⁸

animalOxytocin stimulates prostaglandin release in many species, mainly in the decidua/uterine epithelium¹⁸

animalPharmacological inhibition of oxytocin receptor delays delivery¹⁸

animalThe oxytocin receptor is essential for normal labour, in contrast to oxytocin itself¹⁸

animalOxytocin is involved in erectile function and sexual behavior in laboratory animals, with a facilitatory role demonstrated in the 1980s²²

animalOxytocin plays a role in social and sexual behaviors as a central function²²

animalOxytocin participates in concert with other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in sexual behavior and reproduction²²

in vitroPolyacrylic acid was best at stabilizing oxytocin stored at 75% relative humidity, with no significant loss for up to 2 months at 40 °C²⁴

expert opinionOxytocin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide emerging as a promising therapeutic target for autism spectrum disorder³

expert opinionOxytocin is an oligopeptide hormone consisting of 9 amino acyl residues, making it a nonapeptide hormone⁹

expert opinionOxytocin is 1 of the 2 hormones created in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus before being stored in or released from the posterior pituitary gland⁹

expert opinionThe specific area of the posterior pituitary gland that stores oxytocin is called the pars nervosa, also known as the neural or posterior lobe⁹

expert opinionOxytocin has long been known as a hormone that plays a role in social behaviors and bonding⁹

expert opinionOxytocin is classically termed a 'prosocial neuropeptide' because of its evolutionarily conserved role in promoting affiliative behaviors¹⁰

expert opinionEndogenous oxytocin is mainly synthesized by hypothalamic oxytocin neurons and signals through oxytocin receptors (OxtRs)¹⁰

expert opinionOxytocin signals exert pleiotropic neuromodulatory effects through anatomically widespread axonal projections and ubiquitously distributed OxtRs¹⁰

expert opinionOxytocin is a hormone essential for a variety of maternal tasks, including labor, lactation, and infant bonding¹⁵

expert opinionOxytocin has a role as a powerful mediator of aspects of social brains²¹

expert opinionOxytocin is a nonapeptide²¹

expert opinionOxytocin is a nonapeptide hormone with a documented role in neurological and endocrine function²⁷

expert opinionOxytocin binds oxytocin receptors in the brain and peripheral tissues, modulating social behavior, stress response, and pain processing²⁷

expert opinionOxytocin is synthesized in hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and released centrally via axonal projections into limbic structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens²⁷

expert opinionOxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON)²⁸

expert opinionOxytocin is transported along axons and stored in the posterior pituitary gland and released into the bloodstream in response to specific physiological and psychological signals²⁸

expert opinionOxytocin acts directly within the brain as a neuromodulator influencing neural communication and behavior independently of its hormonal, blood-borne effects²⁸

expert opinionOxytocin receptor (OTR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in the uterus, mammary glands, amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex²⁸

expert opinionOxytocin release can enhance the activity of dopamine reward circuits²⁸

expert opinionOxytocin interacts with the serotonin system in ways that reduce anxiety and promote emotional stability²⁸

expert opinionOxytocin and oxytocin-like agents act via the oxytocin receptor²⁹

expert opinionOxytocin is locally expressed in the male reproductive tract across different species²⁹

expert opinionOxytocin receptor is locally expressed in the male reproductive tract²⁹

expert opinionOxytocin mediates contractility in the male reproductive tract²⁹

expert opinionOxytocin has signaling pathways in the male reproductive tract beyond contractility²⁹

theoreticalOxytocin is a nonapeptide found in pituitary extracts from mammals²

theoreticalOxytocin promotes contractions by increasing the intracellular Ca2+²

theoreticalOxytocin has specific receptors in the myometrium and the receptor concentration increases greatly during pregnancy, reaching a maximum in early labor at term²

theoreticalOxytocin and vasopressin differ in regard to only two of the eight amino acids²

theoreticalAutism may be caused by lower levels of oxytocin when compared to people without autism⁴

theoreticalOxytocin is an oligopeptide hormone consisting of 9 amino acyl residues, making it a nonapeptide hormone⁴

theoreticalOxytocin is one of the 2 hormones created in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus before being stored in or released from the posterior pituitary gland⁴

theoreticalOxytocin exhibits positive feedback; the release of oxytocin leads to actions that stimulate an even greater release of oxytocin⁴

theoreticalOxytocin's evolutionary origin dates to 10,000 years ago when the progenitor nonapeptide vasotocin was orchestrating decision-making in marine animals²¹

theoreticalOxytocin is an endogenous cyclic nonapeptide hormone with the amino acid sequence Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH₂ and a molecular weight of 1007.19 Da featuring a characteristic intramolecular disulfide bridge between cysteine residues at positions 1 and 6²³

theoreticalOxytocin is primarily synthesized in magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary where it is stored in secretory vesicles²³

theoreticalOxytocinergic neurons project to regions including the amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and brainstem, enabling diverse central effects on social behavior, anxiety, and autonomic regulation²³

theoreticalOxytocin exerts its effects primarily through the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), a 389-amino acid class I G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) with seven transmembrane domains located on chromosome 3p25-26.2²³

theoreticalOXTR has nanomolar affinity for oxytocin but can also bind vasopressin with lower affinity²³

theoreticalOXTR signaling involves coupling to Gαq/11 proteins, which activates phospholipase C-beta (PLCβ) initiating calcium-dependent signaling cascade²³

theoreticalOXTR also couples to Gαi/o proteins, activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades including ERK1/2²³

theoreticalOxytocin has potent central effects on feeding behaviour, as well as on social and sexual behaviours²⁵

theoreticalOne likely substrate for oxytocin's anorectic effect is the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus²⁵

theoreticalThe ventromedial nucleus expresses a high density of oxytocin receptors²⁵

theoreticalThe ventromedial nucleus contains very few oxytocin-containing fibres²⁵

theoreticalOxytocin release from dendrites is regulated independent of electrical activity and of secretion from the neurohypophysis²⁵

theoreticalCentral release of oxytocin from magnocellular neurons might be instrumental in switching behaviour from being driven by the need to find and consume food, to the need to reproduce²⁵

theoreticalIntranasal oxytocin works primarily along the olfactory nerve crossing the blood-brain barrier to the olfactory lobe in the brain²⁶

theoreticalIntranasal oxytocin has dense magnocellular oxytocin neurons that receive the nerve impulse quickly²⁶

human studyFollowing intravenous administration of oxytocin, uterine response occurs almost immediately and subsides within 1 hour²

human studyFollowing intramuscular injection of oxytocin, uterine response occurs within 3 to 5 minutes and persists for 2 to 3 hours²

human studyOxytocin does not have a predictable dose response⁶

human studyWhen synthetic oxytocin is administered, the plasma concentration of oxytocin increases in a dose-dependent way: at infusion rates of 20 to 30 mIU/min, plasma oxytocin concentration increases approximately 2- to 3-fold above the basal level¹²

human studySynthetic oxytocin administered at recommended dose levels is not likely to cross the placenta or maternal blood-brain barrier¹²

human studyOT levels were predominately measured in plasma¹⁵

in vitroOxytocin coated onto stainless steel microneedle arrays was released into skin within 1-5 min after manual insertion²⁴

expert opinionMetabolism occurs via liver and elsewhere through oxytocinases²⁶

expert opinionExcretion is through bile duct and kidney²⁶

expert opinionIntranasal delivery is hypothesized to provide a non-invasive pathway to central circuits, though the precise pharmacokinetics of nose-to-brain transport in humans remain an active research question²⁷

expert opinionOxytocin begins working within seconds to minutes depending on how it is released or administered²⁸

expert opinionNatural release during physical touch or social bonding acts within minutes²⁸

expert opinionIntravenous administration produces uterine effects almost immediately²⁸

expert opinionIntramuscular injection takes 3 to 5 minutes²⁸

theoreticalPitocin (oxytocin injection, USP) is a sterile, clear, colorless aqueous solution of synthetic oxytocin, for intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection²

theoreticalOxytocin is distributed throughout the extracellular fluid with small amounts probably reaching the fetal circulation²

theoreticalOxytocin's rapid removal from plasma is accomplished largely by the kidney and the liver, with only small amounts excreted in urine unchanged²

human trialHigh-dose oxytocin regimens show no associated differences in umbilical artery acidemia⁶

human trialInhaled oxytocin can be delivered using a heat-stable dried powder for inhalation with no safety concerns⁷

human trialNo serious AEs were reported⁷

human trialNo clinically significant findings were observed for any safety parameters⁷

human trialHigh-dose oxytocin regimens show no associated differences in fetal heart rate abnormalities¹¹

human trialHigh-dose oxytocin regimens show no associated differences in postpartum hemorrhage¹¹

human trialHigh-dose oxytocin regimens show no associated differences in low Apgar scores¹¹

human trialHigh-dose oxytocin regimens show no associated differences in neonatal intensive care unit admissions¹¹

human trialHigh-dose oxytocin regimens show no associated differences in umbilical artery acidemia¹¹

human trialOxytocin used in error can cause patient harm¹¹

human studyOxytocin used in error can cause patient harm⁶

human studyHigh levels of synthetic oxytocin may induce tachystole and uterine overstimulation, with potentially negative consequences for the fetus and possibly the mother¹²

human studyIncreased oxytocin usage requires increased use of continuous electronic foetal monitoring¹³

human studyIncreased oxytocin usage may increase epidural usage, further increasing the complexity of labour¹³

human studyNo side effects observed, particularly vasospasm or anaphylactic reaction²⁰

in vitroMicroneedle formulations containing trehalose in a mixture of citrate buffer and ethanol retained 75% oxytocin potency at 40 °C for 12 months²⁴

in vitroCommercial oxytocin product Pitocin® was reduced to 35% potency under desiccated conditions at 40 °C for 12 months²⁴

expert opinionAntepartum use of Pitocin is contraindicated where there is significant cephalopelvic disproportion²

expert opinionAntepartum use of Pitocin is contraindicated in unfavorable fetal positions or presentations, such as transverse lies²

expert opinionAntepartum use of Pitocin is contraindicated in obstetrical emergencies²

expert opinionConflicting clinical outcomes highlight the imperative for precision-targeted neuromodulation strategies¹⁰

theoreticalOxytocin even in its pure form has inherent pressor and antidiuretic properties which may become manifest when large doses are administered²

human trialOxytocin is indicated for strengthening uterine contractions with the aim of successful vaginal delivery of the fetus⁴

human trialOxytocin is FDA-approved during the third stage of labor to control postpartum hemorrhage and aid placental delivery⁴

human trialOxytocin Injection, USP (synthetic) is indicated for the medical rather than the elective induction of labor⁵

human trialOxytocin injection (synthetic) is indicated for the initiation or improvement of uterine contractions for induction of labor in patients with medical indications such as Rh problems, maternal diabetes, pre-eclampsia at or near term⁵

human trialOxytocin is indicated for stimulation or reinforcement of labor in selected cases of uterine inertia⁵

human trialOxytocin is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the management of incomplete or inevitable abortion⁵

human trialOxytocin injection (synthetic) is indicated to produce uterine contractions during the third stage of labor and to control postpartum bleeding or hemorrhage⁵

human trialFirst-in-human study of a heat-stable, dry powder oxytocin formulation for oral inhalation using a simple inhaler device⁷

human trialOxytocin can be administered as a medication to initiate or augment uterine contractions¹¹

human studyHistorically, an intranasal formulation of oxytocin was used in the United States to encourage postpartum milk ejection⁴

human studyOxytocin can be administered as a medication to initiate or augment uterine contractions⁶

human studyOxytocin is a reproductive hormone implicated in the process of parturition and widely used during labor¹²

human studyInfusions of synthetic oxytocin are used to induce and augment labor¹²

human study5 to 10 IU of synthetic oxytocin is often routinely given as an intravenous or intramuscular bolus administration after delivery to induce uterine contractility¹²

human studyCurrent induction of labour protocols necessitate relatively aggressive use of oxytocin to reduce time from artificial rupture of membranes (AROM) to establishment of labour¹³

human studyOutpatient care management may reduce oxytocin use and associated interventions¹³

human studyOxytocin works for psychosocial behavior and reproductive functions¹⁴

human studyOxytocin is involved in stress-related disorders¹⁴

human studyWomen are routinely given synthetic oxytocin to induce or augment labor and to prevent postpartum hemorrhage¹⁵

human studySynthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon) was used in 3,342 obstetrical patients for a wide variety of indications²⁰

human studyUse in clinical obstetrics can be recommended provided there is proper indication and need for close supervision and individual adjustment of dosage²⁰

human studyStudies using intranasal oxytocin in men and women aimed to translate laboratory animal findings to humans²²

animalOxytocin has functions in the male and non-pregnant female reproductive tract¹⁷

animalOxytocin has functions in the pancreas¹⁷

animalOxytocin has functions in the cardiovascular system¹⁷

animalOxytocin has functions in the kidney¹⁷

animalOxytocin has functions in the brain¹⁷

animalOxytocin has functions in the breast¹⁷

expert opinionOff-label uses for oxytocin include treatment of delayed orgasm, inducing sexual arousal, and treatment of autism⁴

expert opinionIntramuscular or intravenous oxytocin is the gold standard preventative therapy for postpartum hemorrhage⁷

expert opinionIntroduction of alternative, heat-stable formulations of oxytocin could prevent 146,000 maternal deaths over a period of 8 years⁷

expert opinionOxytocin is FDA-approved for use in the antepartum and postpartum periods to facilitate labor and control postpartum hemorrhage⁹

expert opinionAntepartum indications include preeclampsia, maternal diabetes, premature rupture of membranes, uterine inactivity requiring labor stimulation, and second-trimester inevitable or incomplete abortions⁹

expert opinionPostpartum use focuses on promoting uterine contractions to reduce hemorrhage risk⁹

expert opinionAn intranasal formulation of oxytocin was historically used in the United States to encourage postpartum milk ejection⁹

expert opinionDysfunctions of oxytocin signals are closely relevant to brain disorders/diseases¹⁰

expert opinionOxytocin has been hypothesized to have a role in postpartum depression¹⁵

expert opinionOxytocin was traditionally regarded as a pregnancy hormone released by the hypophysis to stimulate labour and milk ejection¹⁷

expert opinionOxytocin was initially discovered as a uterotonic component of pituitary extract over a century ago²¹

expert opinionThe OT system represents an extremely promising target for novel CNS drug development²¹

expert opinionIntranasal oxytocin has been the primary research formulation in behavioral and psychiatric studies, though it is not approved for these indications²³

expert opinionOxytocin is a nonapeptide hormone used in labor to initiate uterine contractions and to prevent and treat postpartum hemorrhage²⁴

expert opinionSynthetic oxytocin is used to cause contraction of the uterus to start labor²⁶

expert opinionSynthetic oxytocin is used to increase the speed of labor²⁶

expert opinionSynthetic oxytocin is used to stop bleeding following delivery²⁶

expert opinionOxytocin is available in intranasal spray form for psychiatric, endocrine and weight management use as a supplement²⁶

expert opinionCompounded intranasal and sublingual forms are available by prescription²⁷

expert opinionOxytocin influences social recognition, pair bonding, trust, empathy, maternal behavior, stress response, anxiety regulation, and pain perception²⁸

expert opinionOxytocin-agonists and oxytocin-antagonists have potential for treating prostate diseases²⁹

expert opinionOxytocin-agonists and oxytocin-antagonists have potential for treating ejaculatory disorders²⁹