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Pinealon

Tier 3 · Reported use
Also known as EDR peptide · Glu-Asp-Arg

The strongest evidence present is Tier 1: small unblinded human observational studies from the Khavinson/St. Petersburg research network (e.g., 32-, 72-, 110-participant reports). However, sources uniformly note there are zero PubMed-indexed human RCTs, no registered clinical trials, and no independent Western replication — nearly all published work originates from a single interconnected research network. Mechanistic support is largely in-vitro, animal, and computational/theoretical. Some efficacy percentages come from a single low-tier marketing profile, and several commonly cited findings concern different peptides.

Half-life
Not recorded
Routes
Subcutaneous injection · Intramuscular injection · Oral / sublingual
Goals
Cognitive enhancement / memory · Neuroprotection / brain aging · Longevity / anti-aging · Circadian rhythm / sleep support
Cost / mg
Not recorded

How it works

Sources describe Pinealon as a synthetic three-amino-acid peptide (Glu-Asp-Arg, abbreviated EDR) from the Russian 'peptide bioregulator' school associated with Vladimir Khavinson. Vendor and review sources propose that its main proposed action is entering cells and interacting directly with DNA to influence which genes are switched on, particularly genes tied to neuronal function, antioxidant defense and apoptosis. In-vitro and animal reports describe it limiting reactive-oxygen-species buildup and reducing cell death under oxidative stress and low-oxygen conditions, though sources caution that many of these mechanisms are theoretical and that its blood-brain-barrier penetration and proposed pineal/melatonin and serotonin effects have not been confirmed by receptor-binding studies. Notably, sources disagree on whether it is antioxidant or pro-oxidant.

Overview

What Pinealon Is

Multiple vendor profiles describe Pinealon (aliases: EDR peptide, Glu-Asp-Arg) as a synthetic linear tripeptide with the sequence L-glutamyl-L-aspartyl-L-arginine, abbreviated EDR (src-1, src-2, src-3, src-6, src-7, src-10, src-11, src-22). One profile (src-1) notes that two of its three residues (glutamate and aspartate) carry negatively charged carboxylate side chains at physiological pH, while arginine carries a positively charged guanidinium group.

Sources list its molecular weight as approximately 418 Da (variously 418.40 or 418.41 g/mol), with molecular formula given as C15H25N5O8 (src-1) or C15H26N6O8 (src-2); one source instead cites ~404 or 461 Da (src-1, src-2, src-5, src-11, src-4). Profiles report that PubChem resolves 'pinealon' and 'Glu-Asp-Arg' to CID 10273502, that the US National Library of Medicine controlled vocabulary maps 'pinealon' to Glu-Asp-Arg, and that CAS number 175175-23-2 is assigned — though one lower-tier source instead lists CAS 409740-19-4 (src-3, src-5, src-2, src-12).

Origin

Sources state Pinealon emerged from the Russian 'peptide bioregulator' school associated with Vladimir Khavinson and the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology (src-1, src-3, src-4, src-5, src-6, src-7, src-10, src-11). One profile (src-2) states it was isolated from Cortexin, a polypeptide neuroprotective complex derived from bovine and porcine brain tissue — a description that conflicts with profiles calling it a fully synthetic tripeptide. Profiles note that the closely named Lys-Glu-Asp (KED), sold as Vesugen, is a distinct compound (src-3).

Regulatory & Research Status

Sources characterize Pinealon as an investigational research chemical marketed as a brain/cortex-oriented bioregulator and, in Russia, as a 'Cytogen'-class supplement, while noting it is not an approved drug for any indication in any country (src-1, src-3, src-5, src-6). Sources uniformly state it is not FDA-approved for any human use (as of May 2026 per one source), has no regulatory classification as a bulk drug substance for U.S. compounding, is sold under research-use-only labeling, and as of April 2026 was not available through licensed U.S. providers (src-3, src-4, src-6, src-10).

One profile notes that most published research comes from a small interconnected network of authors, journals and institutions — appearing frequently in Advances in Gerontology, Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Biochemistry (Moscow) and Rejuvenation Research with overlapping author lists (src-1, src-2, src-4, src-6). One profile reports a PubMed query returned 22 records total as of July 2026 (src-3); another counts 15 published studies (8 human, 5 animal, 3 in-vitro, 2 reviews) with 0 registered clinical trials (src-5).

Reported Mechanisms

A review (src-18) describes EDR as possessing neuroprotective properties, activating gene expression and synthesis of proteins that maintain neuronal function, and reducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo; it reports EDR interferes with elimination of dendritic spines in neuronal cultures from mice modeling Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases and promotes antioxidant-enzyme synthesis in rat cerebellum neuron cultures. A 2011 cellular study (src-27) reported that fluorescein-labeled Pinealon penetrates the cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleolus of HeLa cells and interacts specifically with DNA, preferentially binding CNG- and CAG-containing sequences and recognizing cytosine methylation status; the authors concluded such interactions could epigenetically control gene activity. A computational study (src-19) reported EDR can partly enter the DNA major groove near guanine N7/O6, aided by Mg ion screening of DNA phosphates.

In-vitro studies (src-8, src-22) reported dose-dependent restriction of ROS accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils and PC12 cells under oxidative stress, decreased necrotic cell death, a delayed ERK1/2 activation time course and cell-cycle modification, concluding direct interaction with the cell genome. Rat studies (src-15, src-20) reported that Pinealon given to pregnant rats in a prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia model improved offspring spatial orientation and learning and reduced ROS and necrotic neurons. Another study (src-28) reported increased neurogenesis under hypoxia, reduced neuroinflammation in old rats, and effects on brain caspase-3 and serum IL-6/TNF.

Several proposed mechanisms are explicitly theoretical: profiles (src-4, src-9, src-11, src-12) propose Pinealon modulates pineal function and melatonin/circadian regulation and influences serotonin synthesis, while cautioning no receptor-binding study has confirmed pineal modulation; molecular docking (src-31) suggesting EDR binds the tryptophan-5-hydroxylase promoter is noted as experimentally unvalidated.

Reported Human Findings

A study in 32 people aged 41-83 (src-21, src-11) reported significant anabolic effects, improved CNS activity and slowed biological-age indicators, while noting Vesugen showed a more visible geroprophylactic effect. A study of 110 people (src-29) reported a positive impact on biological-age indicators, with the most pronounced effect from combined Pinealon and Vezugen use, and characterized oligopeptide drugs including Pinealon as among the safest interventions studied. A 72-patient study in adults aged 30-74 dosed 0.2 mg twice daily for 20-30 days (src-11, src-10) reported improved memory, reduced headache severity and enhanced emotional stability versus controls, with improvement in 59.4% of subjects with traumatic-brain-injury consequences. One profile (src-5) explicitly notes that the 32- and 72-participant studies lacked double-blind, placebo-controlled designs. Separately, one profile (src-5) reports Pineamin increased urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion 1.9x in 55 elderly patients with diminished pineal function. One promotional profile (src-9) claims 'clinical studies' showed 30% better memory retention, 50% improvement on attention tasks, 40% reduction in neurodegeneration markers and 35% lower MDA in 60 adults aged 45-65 — figures that appear only in that single marketing profile with no citation to a verifiable trial.

Studied and Marketed Uses

Sources describe Pinealon's studied and marketed uses as neuroprotection, cognitive enhancement, brain aging/memory, longevity, and circadian/sleep support, emphasizing these benefits are experimental and not proven in large human trials (src-1, src-10, src-12, src-14). The authors of the 32-person study recommended it as a geroprotector, anabolic and neuroprotective (non-antioxidant type) agent for reducing the rate of aging in patients with organic brain syndrome (src-21).

What the research shows

231 findings extracted from the 30 sources cited below, strongest evidence first within each group. Every one links to the source it came from.

What human studies found

Based on 15 human study findings, 13 animal findings, 3 in vitro findings, 8 expert opinion findings, 6 anecdotal findings and 3 theoretical findings.

  • human studyPinealon has significant anabolic effects1

  • human studyPinealon improved the activity of the Central nervous system and other vital organs1

  • human studyPinealon slows the rate of aging by biological age indicators1

  • human studyVesugen demonstrated more visible geroprophylactic effect than Pinealon1

  • human studyPinealon caused decrease of markers CD34+ positive hematopoietic polypotent cells in blood with significant inhibition of hemopoiesis1

  • human studyEDR peptide improves memory issues in elderly patients8

  • human studyPinealon (Oligopeptide preparation containing glutamyl-asparagin-arginine complex) had positive impact on indicators of biological age10

  • human studyStudies of 32 and 72 participants lacked double-blind, placebo-controlled designs17

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  • human studyPineamin increased urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion by 1.9x in elderly patients with diminished pineal function17

  • human study72 patients aged 30-74; 0.2mg twice daily; 20-30 days. Improved memory, reduced headache severity, and enhanced emotional stability compared to controls18

  • human study32 patients aged 41-83; variable dosing; 30 days. Significant improvements in biological aging biomarkers with anabolic effects18

  • human studyClinical protocol of 5mg daily showed significant cognitive improvements in 72-patient study18

  • human studyImproves working memory and learning capacity in animal models and in human subjects with traumatic brain injury, with one study showing improvement in 59.4% of subjects18

  • human studyA 72-patient study was conducted in adults with consequences of traumatic brain injury and cerebrasthenia21

  • human studyRussian clinical reports in post-stroke and age-related cognitive decline describe symptomatic improvement but are unblinded24

  • animalPinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) administration to pregnant rats loaded with methionine improved their offspring spatial orientation and learning ability2

  • animalArginine-enriched peptides from seabuckthorn seed protein reverse learning and memory impairment in d-galactose-induced brain aging in mice7

  • animalOral administration of arginine-enriched peptides significantly reversed learning and memory impairment symptoms in Morris water maze and step-down tests7

  • animalEDR peptide normalizes behavioral responses in animal studies8

  • animalPinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) improved offspring cognitive function in rats with experimental hyperhomocysteinemia caused by dietary methionine loading during pregnancy13

  • animalPinealon administration to pregnant rats loaded with methionine improved offspring spatial orientation and learning ability13

  • animalPeptides (3,6,10)a,b at 5micromol/kg reduced thrombus weights in rat model by 15-40%16

  • animalAspirin achieved comparable activity at dosage of ca. 110micromol/kg in rat anti-thrombotic model16

  • animal100 ng/kg optimal dose improved spatial learning in hippocampus18

  • animalKhavinson's group has published rodent studies showing reduced neuronal apoptosis in oxidative-stress and hypoxia models, improved performance on aging-rat learning tests, and modulation of BDNF and antioxidant gene expression24

  • animalReported improvement in maze-based cognitive tests in rodents26

  • animalReported effects on sleep architecture in rat studies26

  • animalAll efficacy claims derive from Russian-language animal studies that have not been independently replicated26

  • in vitroPinealon decreases necrotic cell death measured by the propidium iodide test3

  • in vitroGlu-Asp-Arg (EDR), Lys-Glu-Asp (KED), and Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG) peptides have previously demonstrated neuroprotective effects in various models of Alzheimer's disease6

  • in vitroIn vitro and rodent preclinical data suggesting antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cell-viability effects25

  • expert opinionThe evidence consists of cell studies and animal experiments from the originating group17

  • expert opinionThese claimed benefits are still experimental and have not been proven in large human trials21

  • expert opinionNo published human dose-ranging or pharmacokinetic study of Pinealon exists22

  • expert opinionKhavinson's 2003 report of telomerase induction in human fetal fibroblasts is an Epithalon finding and has never been replicated for Pinealon22

  • expert opinionPinealon is an investigational research compound with an almost entirely preclinical evidence base23

  • expert opinionAs of April 2026, not a single completed randomized controlled trial in humans exists25

  • expert opinionThe entire peer-reviewed evidence base is limited to in vitro cell studies and rodent preclinical models25

  • expert opinionIndependent replication by Western groups is essentially absent from the peer-reviewed literature25

  • anecdotalClinical studies demonstrate Pinealon's efficacy in memory retention improvement (30% increase in retention scores)20

  • anecdotalClinical studies demonstrate enhanced attention span and cognitive flexibility (50% improvement in tasks)20

  • anecdotalResearch indicates significant benefits in sleep quality improvement and architecture normalization20

  • anecdotalPreclinical and clinical evidence supports benefits in prevention of age-related neurodegeneration (40% reduction in markers)20

  • anecdotalOxidative stress reduction (35% decrease in MDA levels)20

  • anecdotalAll preclinical findings originate from the Khavinson Institute or affiliated researchers26

  • theoreticalThere are no Western randomized controlled trials24

  • theoreticalPinealon has zero PubMed-indexed human studies, zero RCTs, and no Western clinical trials26

  • theoreticalPinealon has been widely studied by its originators for its application in aging and neurological trauma, often as an oral capsule form used as an adjunct to conventional therapy27

How it works

Based on 1 human study finding, 21 animal findings, 43 in vitro findings, 15 expert opinion findings and 38 theoretical findings.

  • human studyPinealon showed prooxidant activity through chemiluminescence1

  • animalPinealon administration decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation in neurons isolated from the cerebellum of offspring developed under prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia2

  • animalPinealon administration decreased the number of necrotic cells in the population of neurons isolated from the cerebellum of offspring developed under prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia2

  • animalCerebellum neurons from pinealon-treated offspring became more resistant to oxidative stress2

  • animalArginine-enriched peptides increased activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NO synthase in hippocampus7

  • animalArginine-enriched peptides decreased inducible NO synthase in hippocampus7

  • animalArginine-enriched peptides normalized serum inflammatory cytokine levels (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6)7

  • animalArginine-enriched peptides suppressed the Arg-inducible nitric oxide pathway7

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  • animalEDR peptide reduces the intensity of apoptosis in in vitro and in vivo studies8

  • animalPinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) increases neurogenesis in brain conditions of hypoxia12

  • animalPinealon decreases neuroinflammatory reactions to a reference level under sharp hypoxic hypoxia in old rats12

  • animalPinealon affects caspase-3 activity in the brain under sharp hypoxic hypoxia12

  • animalPinealon affects interleukin-6 levels in blood serum under sharp hypoxic hypoxia in old rats12

  • animalPinealon affects tumor necrosis factor in blood serum under sharp hypoxic hypoxia in old rats12

  • animalPinealon made cerebellum neurons more resistant to oxidative stress in offspring of rats with prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia13

  • animalPinealon decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation in neurons isolated from cerebellum of offspring developed under prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia13

  • animalPinealon decreased the number of necrotic cells in cerebellar neuron populations from offspring under prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia13

  • animalAnti-thrombotic activity of nano-particles [(3,6,10)a,b]-Cu(II) increased by 100-fold over corresponding peptides16

  • animalResearch suggests modulation of the MAPK/ERK pathway, reduction of caspase-3 activity (decreasing neuronal apoptosis), upregulation of SOD2 and GPX1 antioxidant enzymes17

  • animalUnder hypoxia conditions, research suggests Pinealon prevents a 3-fold increase in ROS levels17

  • animalSuppresses neuronal apoptosis by downregulating caspase-3 and p53 expression, reducing necrotic cell death in ischemic and hyperhomocysteinemia models18

  • animalResearch suggests it may influence neuron survival and sleep architecture in animal models26

  • in vitroPinealon has neuroprotective properties confirmed in vitro2

  • in vitroThe synthetic tripeptide pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) demonstrates dose-dependent restriction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells3

  • in vitroPinealon restricts ROS accumulation induced by oxidative stress stimulated by receptor-dependent or -independent processes3

  • in vitroThe protective effect of pinealon is accompanied with a delayed time course of ERK 1/2 activation and modification of the cell cycle3

  • in vitroRestriction of ROS accumulation and cell mortality is saturated at lower concentrations, whereas cell cycle modulation continues at higher concentrations of pinealon3

  • in vitroPinealon is able to interact directly with the cell genome3

  • in vitroPinealon is proposed to penetrate cell and nuclear membranes and interact directly with DNA, a mechanism demonstrated using fluorescence-labeled peptides in HeLa cells4

  • in vitroPinealon demonstrated dose-dependent restriction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells4

  • in vitroPinealon decreased necrotic cell death as measured by propidium iodide staining in cell culture4

  • in vitroPinealon modulates the ERK 1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, delaying ERK 1/2 activation and modifying cell cycle progression4

  • in vitroAll peptides promote the arborization of the dendritic tree, increasing both the number of primary processes and the total length of dendrites6

  • in vitroTripeptides have no effect on the activity of mitochondria and lysosomes and the level of p16 protein in induced neurons6

  • in vitroEDR peptide reduces oxidative DNA damage in induced neurons derived from elderly donor fibroblasts6

  • in vitroShort peptides partially protect induced neurons from age-related changes and stimulate dendritogenesis in neurons6

  • in vitroEDR peptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) possesses neuroprotective properties8

  • in vitroEDR peptide activates gene expression and synthesis of proteins involved in maintaining neuronal functional activity8

  • in vitroEDR peptide interferes with the elimination of dendritic spines in neuronal cultures from mice with Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases8

  • in vitroEDR peptide promotes activation of antioxidant enzyme synthesis in culture of cerebellum neurons in rats8

  • in vitroEDR (Glu-Asp-Arg) can partly penetrate into the major groove of DNA9

  • in vitroEDR affects the base atoms, mainly the N7 and O6 of guanine9

  • in vitroMg ions can promote DNA-EDR interaction due to their effective screening of the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA9

  • in vitroThe action of Mg ions in promoting DNA-EDR interaction remains in salted solution9

  • in vitroPinealon has neuroprotective properties confirmed in previous in vitro experiments13

  • in vitroPinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) shows marked fluorescence in cytoplasm, nucleus, and nucleolus in HeLa cells after incubation with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled peptide14

  • in vitroShort biologically active peptides like pinealon are able to penetrate into an animal cell and its nucleus and may interact with various components of cytoplasm and nucleus including DNA and RNA14

  • in vitroPinealon differently affects the fluorescence of 5,6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA-ethidium bromide complexes compared to other peptides14

  • in vitroPinealon shows specific interaction with nucleic acid structures and discriminates between different nucleotide sequences and recognizes cytosine methylation status14

  • in vitroPinealon preferentially binds with deoxyribooligonucleotides containing CNG sequence (CNG sites are targets for cytosine DNA methylation in eukaryotes)14

  • in vitroPinealon preferentially binds with CAG-containing sequences14

  • in vitroSite-specific interactions of pinealon with DNA can control epigenetically cell genetic functions and play a role in regulation of gene activity14

  • in vitroPinealon demonstrates dose-dependent restriction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells15

  • in vitroPinealon's ROS-restricting effect occurs in oxidative stress induced by receptor-dependent or -independent processes15

  • in vitroPinealon decreases necrotic cell death measured by propidium iodide test15

  • in vitroPinealon's protective effect is accompanied with delayed time course of ERK 1/2 activation15

  • in vitroPinealon causes modification of the cell cycle15

  • in vitroPinealon is able to interact directly with the cell genome15

  • in vitroCu(II)-peptide complexes assembled into stable nano-particles surrounded by negative charges in normal saline16

  • in vitroCu(II)-peptide complexes had zeta potential ranging from -4.102 to -9.825mV16

  • in vitroCu(II)-peptide complexes had diameters ranging from 212.1+/-4.0 to 632.4+/-36.7nm in normal saline16

  • in vitroTEM analysis showed compounds remained as nano-globes in solid state with diameters ranging from 15 to 20nm16

  • in vitroEnhanced neurotransmitter function with 1.9x serotonin increase in cell cultures18

  • in vitroReduces reactive oxygen species accumulation in cerebellar granule cells and PC12 neurons, protecting against oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration18

  • in vitroA 2011 Biochemistry (Moscow) cellular-uptake study lists pinealon as 'Glu-Asp-Arg'22

  • expert opinionPinealon is a synthetic tripeptide from the Khavinson bioregulator programme, proposed to target brain tissue (specifically pineal and cortical regions)17

  • expert opinionPinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology that targets pineal gland and central nervous system function18

  • expert opinionPinealon is a bioactive peptide derived from pineal gland tissue that functions as a circadian rhythm regulator and neuroprotective agent20

  • expert opinionPinealon consists of a proprietary sequence of amino acids specifically designed to restore and optimize pineal gland function20

  • expert opinionPinealon enhances pineal gland function through restoration of melatonin production and regulation20

  • expert opinionPinealon provides neuroprotection through enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress reduction20

  • expert opinionPinealon influences serotonin synthesis and receptor sensitivity20

  • expert opinionPinealon is a synthetic three-amino-acid peptide with sequence Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR peptide)21

  • expert opinionThe goal is to see whether it can help brain cells handle oxidative stress and support learning or focus during a short research cycle21

  • expert opinionPinealon is a linear tripeptide composed of three amino acid residues in the sequence L-glutamyl-L-aspartyl-L-arginine23

  • expert opinionTwo of the three residues (glutamate and aspartate) carry negatively charged carboxylate side chains at physiological pH, while arginine carries a positively charged guanidinium group23

  • expert opinionPinealon is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg, EDR) developed by Khavinson's group as a brain-targeted short bioregulator with proposed neuroprotective effects24

  • expert opinionMechanism (per Khavinson): cell- and nucleus-permeable, binds DNA promoter regions in neurons, modulates expression of antioxidant and survival genes24

  • expert opinionPinealon (EDR) is a synthetic tripeptide (glutamate-aspartate-arginine, or EDR)25

  • expert opinionProposed to influence gene expression in pineal and brain tissue25

  • theoreticalMolecular modeling studies identified specific binding sites for EDR in promoter regions of genes involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, neuroprotection, and antioxidant defense4

  • theoreticalEDR binding sites identified in promoter regions of CASP3, NES, GAP43, and APOE genes4

  • theoreticalPinealon targets circadian and mitochondrial regulators5

  • theoreticalTherapeutic peptides modulate molecular signaling networks central to cellular medicine5

  • theoreticalPeptides act on key pathways such as PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK, TGF-β, and AMPK to exert influence over tissue regeneration, inflammation resolution, and neuromuscular recovery5

  • theoreticalEDR peptide is assumed to enter cells and bind to histone proteins and/or ribonucleic acids8

  • theoreticalEDR peptide can change the activity of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway8

  • theoreticalEDR peptide affects synthesis of proapoptotic proteins (caspase-3, p53)8

  • theoreticalEDR peptide affects proteins of the antioxidant system (SOD2, GPX1)8

  • theoreticalEDR peptide affects transcription factors PPARA, PPARG, serotonin, calmodulin8

  • theoreticalPeptide Lys-Glu is an immunomodulatory peptide that modulates life span by modulating irisin gene expression11

  • theoreticalPeptide Glu-Asp-Arg is a neuroprotective peptide that modulates life span by modulating irisin gene expression11

  • theoreticalPeptides Lys-Glu, Glu-Asp-Arg, and Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly play a role in epigenetic regulation of irisin content11

  • theoreticalPinealon may interact with DNA promoter regions related to serotonin synthesis17

  • theoreticalMolecular docking simulations have been published, but these computational predictions have not been validated experimentally in controlled settings17

  • theoreticalMolecular docking simulations suggest binding to nucleotide sequences in the promoter region of the 5-tryptophan hydroxylase gene, potentially enhancing serotonin synthesis17

  • theoreticalIt penetrates cell and nuclear membranes to interact directly with DNA, modulating gene expression involved in neuroprotection, antioxidant defense, and circadian regulation18

  • theoreticalPinealon crosses cellular and nuclear membranes to bind DNA regulatory sequences, modulating transcription of genes governing oxidative stress response (including SOD-2 and GPX1), apoptosis (caspase-3, p53), and MAPK-ERK signaling pathways18

  • theoreticalIrisin expression increases linked to telomere protection and mitochondrial enhancement18

  • theoreticalModulates circadian rhythm function by acting on the pineal gland, potentially resetting disrupted sleep-wake cycles caused by shift work or jet lag18

  • theoreticalupregulates antioxidant enzymes SOD-2 and GPX1 in neural tissue18

  • theoreticalShort peptides like EDR (Pinealon) interact directly with DNA promoter regions, complementarily binding to regulatory sequences and modulating transcription25

  • theoreticalPinealon is proposed to modulate pineal gland function and melatonin regulation, with theoretical neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects26

  • theoreticalNo studies have demonstrated how this 3-amino-acid peptide crosses the blood-brain barrier in pharmacologically relevant quantities26

  • theoreticalThe fundamental question of blood-brain barrier penetration for a 461 Da tripeptide remains unanswered26

  • theoreticalNo receptor binding studies have confirmed pineal gland modulation26

  • theoreticalNo such mechanism has been demonstrated for Pinealon regarding BBB transport26

  • theoreticalThe BBB typically excludes molecules above 400-500 Da without specific transport mechanisms26

  • theoreticalThe compound directly interacts with DNA sequences to modulate gene expression27

  • theoreticalPinealon reduces oxidative stress in brain tissue, supporting the function of the pineal gland27

  • theoreticalPinealon is a bioactive peptide derived from pineal gland tissue that belongs to the class of cytogenetic peptides27

  • theoreticalPinealon interacts with DNA sequences to modulate the expression of genes involved in neuronal function, repair, and differentiation such as Nestin and beta Tubulin III27

  • theoreticalPinealon promotes the synthesis and activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in cerebellar neurons27

  • theoreticalPinealon reduces the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and subsequent apoptosis induced by oxidative stress27

  • theoreticalPinealon counteracts damage caused by toxins such as Homocysteine, which are linked to Alzheimer's and vascular pathology27

  • theoreticalPinealon may regulate the ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, vital for neuronal survival27

  • theoreticalPinealon can stimulate Serotonin expression in cells of the brain cortex27

  • theoreticalPinealon may enhance neuroplasticity (synaptic connections)27

Dosing

Based on 1 animal finding, 2 in vitro findings, 3 expert opinion findings and 4 anecdotal findings.

  • animalCu(II)-peptide complexes [(3,6,10)a,b]-Cu(II) required dosage of 0.05micromol/kg for anti-thrombotic activity16

  • in vitroRestriction of ROS accumulation and cell mortality is saturated at lower concentrations of pinealon15

  • in vitroCell cycle modulation by pinealon continues at higher concentrations15

  • expert opinionSubcutaneous injection is the primary and most reliable delivery route for Pinealon18

  • expert opinionOral Pinealon is the route used in most published Russian-language clinical reports21

  • expert opinionRussian clinical (post-stroke, age-related cognitive decline) dosing: 0.5–2 mg IM for 10–14 days per neurologist24

  • anecdotalSubcutaneous injection is the more common route in research-use-only vial-based planning21

  • anecdotalThe common research vial size is 20 mg lyophilized powder21

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  • anecdotalStandard biohacker / research dosing is 100–300 mcg subcutaneously daily for 10–20 days, repeated 2–3 times per year24

  • anecdotalSublingual / oral (Russian retail) dosing: drops or caps 3–4×/day for 30 days, 3×/year24

How the body handles it

Based on 1 in vitro finding and 3 expert opinion findings.

  • in vitroPinealon's small molecular size enables transit across lipid bilayers including nuclear membranes17

  • expert opinionPinealon demonstrates high water solubility and selective uptake by pineal gland tissue20

  • expert opinionThe peptide is metabolized through tissue-specific pathways and maintains extended bioactivity through regulatory feedback mechanisms with the pineal gland20

  • expert opinionA 10 mg vial reconstituted with 2 mL bacteriostatic water yields 5 mg/mL = 5,000 mcg/mL24

Safety and side effects

Based on 3 human study findings, 1 in vitro finding, 6 expert opinion findings, 1 anecdotal finding and 6 theoretical findings.

  • human studyPinealon did not affect the degree of chromatin condensation and is safe on nuclear genetic level1

  • human studyOligopeptide drugs (including Pinealon) were among the most safe interventions regarding influence on biochemical and immunological parameters and clinical condition of patients10

  • human studyRussian clinical literature reports rare local injection-site reactions24

  • in vitroSome pro-oxidant activity has been detected, warranting monitoring17

  • expert opinionNo controlled human clinical trials have been conducted and it has no approval from any major regulatory agency17

  • expert opinionNot FDA-approved for any human use as of May 202621

  • expert opinionPinealon is sold under research-use-only labeling21

  • expert opinionPinealon is not approved by the FDA for any indication22

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  • expert opinionPinealon is not an approved drug for any indication in any country23

  • expert opinionNot FDA-approved for human use; no regulatory classification as a bulk drug substance for U.S. compounding25

  • anecdotalNo serious AEs documented at standard doses24

  • theoreticalLong-term repeated-cycle safety in humans is uncharacterized24

  • theoreticalPinealon has not been studied in any formal pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction trial in humans24

  • theoreticalNo reported adverse effects in published literature26

  • theoreticalSafety profile is entirely unknown — no Phase I data exists26

  • theoreticalTheoretical risk of endocrine disruption via pineal modulation26

  • theoreticalTheoretical risk of immune reactions from peptide immunogenicity26

What people use it for

Based on 1 human study finding, 7 expert opinion findings and 4 theoretical findings.

  • human studyCombined use of Pinealon and Vezugen (two Oligopeptide complexes) showed the most pronounced positive impact on indicators of biological age10

  • expert opinionPinealon is recommended for use as a geroprotector anabolic neuroprotective no antioxidant type for reducing the rate of aging in patients with organic brain syndrome1

  • expert opinionPinealon is a synthetic peptide with potential clinical uses for neuroprotection, cognitive enhancement, longevity, and other issues related to growing older19

  • expert opinionPinealon is mainly studied for brain aging, memory, and nerve-cell stress21

  • expert opinionPinealon has been marketed in Russia as a Cytogen-class supplement preparation22

  • expert opinionPinealon is marketed as a brain/cortex-oriented bioregulator23

  • expert opinionSold as a 'cytogen' supplement in Russia and through gray-market online vendors25

  • expert opinionAs of April 2026, it is not available through licensed U.S. providers25

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  • theoreticalPinealon consists of a proprietary sequence of amino acids specifically designed to restore and optimize pineal gland function27

  • theoreticalPinealon was originally developed from pineal gland extracts and represents a targeted approach to addressing age-related decline in circadian rhythm regulation and cognitive function27

  • theoreticalPinealon has demonstrated benefits in cognitive enhancement and recovery support27

  • theoreticalPinealon has demonstrated benefits in sleep optimization through circadian rhythm regulation27

Other findings

Based on 1 in vitro finding, 17 expert opinion findings and 4 theoretical findings.

  • in vitroPinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide15

  • expert opinionEssentially all published research on Pinealon originates from Khavinson's group and affiliated institutions4

  • expert opinionPinealon was developed by Vladimir Khavinson's group at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in Russia21

  • expert opinionPinealon is the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR)22

  • expert opinionPinealon is a research chemical22

  • expert opinionThe US National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary maps the term 'pinealon' to Glu-Asp-Arg22

  • expert opinionPubChem resolves the name 'pinealon' and the sequence 'Glu-Asp-Arg' to compound record CID 1027350222

  • expert opinionKhavinson and colleagues in their 2011 Rejuvenation Research paper describe 'the synthetic tripeptide pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg)'22

Show the remaining 14

  • expert opinionLys-Glu-Asp (KED) is a different compound with a different name: Vesugen22

  • expert opinionPinealon comes from the short-peptide bioregulator school associated with Vladimir Khavinson and the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology22

  • expert opinionA PubMed query for Pinealon returned 22 records in total as of July 202622

  • expert opinionPinealon is a synthetic tripeptide — glutamic acid–aspartic acid–arginine (Glu-Asp-Arg, abbreviated EDR)23

  • expert opinionPinealon emerged from the Russian 'peptide bioregulator' school associated with Vladimir Khavinson and the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology23

  • expert opinionMost of what has been published about Pinealon comes from a relatively small, interconnected network of authors, journals, and institutions23

  • expert opinionA large share of the primary literature appears in journals such as Advances in Gerontology, Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Biochemistry (Moscow), and Rejuvenation Research, frequently with overlapping author lists23

  • expert opinionLyophilized stock is stable at −20 °C for years; reconstituted in bacteriostatic water 0.9% benzyl alcohol, refrigerate (2–8 °C), discard at 28 days24

  • expert opinionPinealon (EDR) is a synthetic tripeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson's group at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology25

  • expert opinionPinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide developed at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in Russia26

  • theoreticalPinealon is a synthetic tripeptide with amino acid sequence Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR) and molecular weight 418.40 g/mol4

  • theoreticalPinealon was isolated from Cortexin, a polypeptide neuroprotective complex derived from bovine and porcine brain tissue4

  • theoreticalPinealon research base spans in vitro cell culture studies, in vivo Alzheimer's disease mouse model, aged rat behavioral studies, and limited human clinical observations4

  • theoreticalPinealon is a synthetic tripeptide composed of three amino acids: Glutamic Acid, Aspartic Acid, Arginine27

Points of contention

Where the evidence is unsettled, thin, or says less than the popular claim — worth knowing before you draw conclusions.

Limited evidence

Evidence base is almost entirely preclinical and comes from one research network

Multiple sources state Pinealon has zero PubMed-indexed human RCTs and no Western clinical trials, with essentially all published research originating from Khavinson's group and affiliated institutions and not independently replicated. Human data are limited to small unblinded observational reports (e.g., 32, 55, 72, 110 participants).

Contested

Sources disagree on whether Pinealon is antioxidant or pro-oxidant

Several in vitro and animal reports describe Pinealon restricting ROS and upregulating antioxidant enzymes (SOD2, GPX1), yet a tier-1 human study and a tier-3 profile report detected pro-oxidant/prooxidant activity by chemiluminescence, and the tier-1 study classifies it as a 'no antioxidant type' agent.

Contested

Blood-brain barrier penetration is unproven and molecular weight figures conflict

Vendor profiles claim membrane and BBB penetration, but tier-3 profiles state no study has demonstrated how the tripeptide crosses the BBB in pharmacologically relevant quantities, noting the BBB typically excludes molecules above 400-500 Da. Reported molecular weights also vary (~404, 418.40/418.41, and 461 Da) and molecular formulas differ (C15H25N5O8 vs C15H26N6O8), as do CAS numbers (175175-23-2 vs 409740-19-4).

Single source

Percentage efficacy figures come from one low-tier marketing profile

Claims of 30% memory retention increase, 50% task improvement, 40% neurodegeneration-marker reduction and 35% MDA decrease in 60 adults appear only in a single tier-3 marketing profile (Pinealon Peptide | Brain & Memory Support) with anecdotal grounding and no citation to a verifiable trial.

Other

Some cited sources concern different peptides, not Pinealon

Effect of seabuckthorn seed protein and its arginine-enriched peptides on combating memory impairment in mice. studies arginine-enriched seabuckthorn peptides and Synthesis, nano-scale assembly, and in vivo anti-thrombotic activity of novel short peptides containing L-Arg and L-Asp or L-Glu. studies Cu(II)-peptide nanoparticle anti-thrombotics; neither is about Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) specifically, so their findings should not be attributed to Pinealon. Also, the telomerase-induction finding sometimes associated with this school is an Epithalon result never replicated for Pinealon.

Other

Conflicting descriptions of origin and mechanism target

Some profiles describe Pinealon as isolated from Cortexin (brain-tissue complex) and as pineal-derived, while others describe it as a fully synthetic tripeptide targeting cortical/pineal tissue; claims of direct pineal/melatonin and serotonin modulation are labeled theoretical and unconfirmed by receptor-binding studies.

Using it with other compounds

Check a stack
  • SemaxComplementary

    No documented conflict

    Both support neuroprotection and neurogenesis but by completely different mechanisms — Semax via BDNF/TrkB neurotrophin signaling and Pinealon via proposed direct gene/DNA regulation and antioxidant enzyme upregulation. Different upstream targets converging on neuronal survival make this a plausibly complementary neuroprotective pairing.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms explicitly support neurogenesis and neuroprotection through distinct pathways: Semax via BDNF/NGF-TrkB neurotrophin signaling and CREB activation; Pinealon via MAPK/ERK modulation, antioxidant enzyme expression (SOD2, GPX1), and caspase-3/p53 apoptotic pathway inhibition. The proposed relationship correctly identifies that they converge on neuronal survival and neurogenesis through different upstream mechanisms (growth factor signaling vs. gene regulation/antioxidant defense), which is the definition of complementarity. The shared dimension of neurogenesis is explicitly tagged for both peptides, and the explanation accurately reflects the mechanistic divergence described in both mechanism profiles.

    Shares neurogenesis

  • VilonSame mechanism

    Worth caution

    Vilon is another ultra-short Khavinson bioregulator that, like Pinealon, is proposed to act without a membrane receptor by binding gene-promoter DNA and remodeling chromatin. They target different systems on paper (Vilon skews immune/geroprotective, Pinealon neuroprotective), but the entire underlying 'peptide binds DNA to reactivate genes' mechanism is shared and rests on modeling/in-vitro claims. Understand that combining them does not give you two independent, well-validated tools — it gives you two peptides resting on the same unproven premise.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    The mechanisms of both peptides share a core proposed action: receptor-independent, sequence-specific DNA binding to gene-promoter regions followed by chromatin/gene remodeling. Pinealon is described as binding CNG/CAG sequences in the major groove (src-27, src-19, src-2, src-31), while Vilon is proposed to bind GCGC motifs (model-based). Both are credited with modulating gene expression via direct DNA interaction rather than cell-surface receptor engagement. Both show pathway involvement in transcription factor modulation (Pinealon: PPARA/PPARG, src-18; Vilon: IGF1/FOXO1/TERT/NFkB, in vitro). The explanation correctly identifies that despite different downstream phenotypes (neuroprotection vs. immunomodulation), the underlying mechanistic premise—ultra-short peptide binding promoter DNA to alter gene expression—is identical. The caveat that both rest on modeling/in-vitro claims without strong validation is accurate but does not negate the mechanistic similarity. The relationship is 'same_mechanism' because the proposed molecular action (DNA-binding-driven gene reactivation) is shared, even though tissue specificity and downstream effects diverge.
  • EpithalonSame mechanism

    Worth caution

    Both are short Khavinson-school 'peptide bioregulators' proposed to act by binding DNA/histones and switching gene expression rather than a membrane receptor, and both are pitched as neuroprotective/neurogenic with effects on circadian and melatonin biology. Because they share the same class and proposed mechanism, running them together is largely redundant rather than additive — pick one for your goal rather than stacking two overlapping bioregulators.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    While both peptides are synthetic short peptides proposed to interact with DNA/histones, the mechanism material does not establish they share the same mechanism. Epithalon's mechanisms are explicitly centered on telomerase/hTERT upregulation, telomere elongation, and senescence pathway modulation (p16/p21), with circadian/melatonin effects as secondary outcomes. Pinealon's mechanisms focus on MAPK/ERK signaling, caspase-3/p53 apoptotic pathways, and antioxidant enzyme expression (SOD2, GPX1), with circadian/melatonin effects only 'proposed' and 'theoretical.' The DNA/histone binding is proposed for both, but the downstream pathways and primary therapeutic targets differ substantially. Neurogenesis is tagged for Pinealon only; Epithalon's neurogenic effects are mentioned but not mechanistically detailed in the same way. The claim of redundancy due to 'same class and proposed mechanism' overgeneralizes from shared structural features (short peptides, DNA-binding hypothesis) without demonstrating convergent pathway activation. The mechanisms do not support that these peptides operate via the same molecular logic.

    Shares neurogenesis

  • CerebrolysinComplementary

    No documented conflict

    Pinealon is a short bioregulator peptide reported to reduce neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis and support dendritic/neuroplastic changes, overlapping with Cerebrolysin's neurogenic and neuroprotective goal via a different (proposed gene-regulatory) mechanism. Combination is anecdotal.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms describe effects supporting neurogenesis and neuroprotection through distinct pathways. Cerebrolysin achieves this via neurotrophic factor mimicry (TrkA/TrkB, BDNF/VEGF/IGF-1 upregulation, PI3K/AKT signaling, anti-apoptotic pathways). Pinealon achieves similar neuroprotective outcomes through proposed gene-regulatory mechanisms (DNA/promoter binding affecting CASP3, GAP43, antioxidant enzyme expression, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, caspase-3 inhibition, ROS reduction). Both are tagged with neurogenesis and both reduce apoptosis and oxidative stress. The mechanisms justify the claim of complementary action on a shared dimension (neurogenesis/neuroprotection) via mechanistically distinct routes—one primarily via growth factor signaling, the other via transcriptional/gene-regulatory pathways. The explanation accurately reflects the provided mechanism material.

    Shares neurogenesis

  • P21Complementary

    Worth caution

    Both report enhanced dendritic arborization, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. P21 drives BDNF/TrkB and PI3K/Akt–GSK-3β signaling, while Pinealon is proposed to reach similar endpoints via gene-expression/ERK modulation. The distinct mechanisms pointing at the same plasticity outcome make them complementary in principle, with only preclinical/anecdotal support for combining.

    Tier 4Theoretical — not established

    What the research doesn't fully establish

    Both peptides' mechanisms clearly support the claimed shared dimension of neurogenesis and dendritic arborization. Pinealon reports dendritic arborization/neuroplasticity (src-26, src-47) and MAPK/ERK modulation (src-18, src-8, src-22, src-32, src-47). P21 reports enhanced dendritic arborization and dendritic spine density, stimulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and BDNF/TrkB and PI3K/Akt signaling. Both mechanisms converge on neuroplasticity outcomes through distinct pathways (ERK-based vs. BDNF/TrkB/PI3K-Akt-GSK-3β). The 'complementary' relationship type is justified: they target overlapping functional endpoints (neurogenesis, dendritic plasticity, synaptic enhancement) via mechanistically distinct routes, which is the definition of complementarity. The explanation accurately reflects the mechanism material provided—different signaling cascades achieving similar neuroprotective/neuroplastic effects. The caveat about preclinical/anecdotal support is appropriate given the evidence levels cited.

    Shares neurogenesis

Safety and side effects

Safety Overview

Some profiles report no serious adverse effects documented at standard doses and only rare local injection-site reactions in the Russian clinical literature — but this reassurance is contradicted by the single strongest human study (the tier-1 polymorbidity report; see 'Contested Oxidative Effects' below), which found a decrease in CD34+ hematopoietic polypotent cells in blood with significant inhibition of hemopoiesis (blood-cell formation). Profiles otherwise state the safety profile is entirely unknown — with no Phase I data, uncharacterized long-term repeated-cycle safety, and theoretical risks of endocrine disruption via pineal modulation and immune reactions from peptide immunogenicity (src-7, src-4). One profile states Pinealon has not been studied in any formal pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction trial in humans (src-7).

Contested Oxidative Effects

Sources disagree on whether Pinealon is antioxidant or pro-oxidant. Several in-vitro and animal reports describe it restricting ROS and upregulating antioxidant enzymes (SOD2, GPX1) (src-8, src-15, src-32), yet a tier-1 human study (src-21, src-35) reported it showed pro-oxidant activity by chemiluminescence and caused a decrease of CD34+ hematopoietic polypotent cells in blood with significant inhibition of hemopoiesis — while noting it did not affect chromatin condensation and was considered safe at the nuclear genetic level, and classifying it as a 'no antioxidant type' agent. One additional profile (src-5, src-33) likewise states some pro-oxidant activity has been detected, warranting monitoring.

Key Uncertainties

  • Blood-brain-barrier penetration is unproven. Vendor profiles (src-9, src-5) assert high water solubility, selective pineal uptake and transit across lipid bilayers including nuclear membranes, but tier-3 profiles caution no study has demonstrated how the tripeptide crosses the BBB in pharmacologically relevant quantities, noting the BBB typically excludes molecules above 400-500 Da — a range in which Pinealon's conflicting reported weights (~404, 418, 461 Da) fall.
  • Evidence is nearly all preclinical and single-network. Multiple sources note zero PubMed-indexed human RCTs and no Western trials; human data are limited to small unblinded observational reports (32, 55, 72, 110 participants) from Khavinson's group and affiliates, not independently replicated (src-4, src-5).
  • Efficacy percentages are from one marketing source. The 30%/50%/40%/35% figures appear only in a single tier-3 promotional profile (src-9) with no verifiable citation.
  • Some cited findings concern different peptides. Sources caution that certain literature (arginine-enriched seabuckthorn peptides; Cu(II)-peptide nanoparticles) and the telomerase-induction result associated with this school (an Epithalon finding) should not be attributed to Pinealon.

Not FDA-approved for any human use; sold under research-use-only labeling (src-3, src-4, src-6, src-10).

Reconstitution and handling

Dosing

No dose has been established for this compound. No regulatory label exists for Pinealon — sources uniformly state it is not FDA-approved for any human use and is sold under research-use-only labeling (src-3, src-4, src-6, src-10). One profile explicitly notes no published human dose-ranging or pharmacokinetic study of Pinealon exists (src-3, src-50). The figures below are what sources report, not guidance.

  • One profile lists biohacker/research dosing as 100-300 mcg subcutaneously daily for 10-20 days, repeated 2-3 times per year (src-7).
  • Another profile cites 200 mcg per day in 10-to-20-day courses, described as equivalent to about 3 units on an insulin syringe (src-3).
  • One profile lists indication-specific doses of 100-300 mcg per injection: 200 mcg neuroprotection, 300 mcg cognitive enhancement, 100 mcg circadian support, 250 mcg anti-aging, 200 mcg neuroendocrine, 200 mcg synaptic plasticity — dosed 10-20 days on, repeated every 3-6 months, subcutaneous as primary route (src-11).
  • One profile describes a subcutaneous protocol at 1.0-2.0 mg/day (ranges given as 5-10 mg), 10-20 day cycles (up to 28 days extended) with 2-3 months off, and a sample titration of 1.0 mg days 1-5, 1.5 mg days 6-14, 2.0 mg days 15-20; the same profile lists 20 mg/day for the oral route (src-10).
  • One profile describes Russian clinical dosing for post-stroke and age-related cognitive decline as 0.5-2 mg intramuscularly for 10-14 days per neurologist, and Russian retail sublingual/oral dosing as drops or capsules 3-4x/day for 30 days, 3x/year (src-7).
  • Human observational reports used, for example, 0.2 mg twice daily for 20-30 days (72-patient study) and a cited 5 mg daily protocol (src-11, src-10); an animal study cited a 100 ng/kg optimal dose for spatial learning (src-10, src-11).

Routes reported across sources include subcutaneous injection (described as the more common research route), intramuscular injection, and oral/sublingual (the route used in most published Russian-language clinical reports) (src-10, src-53).

Reconstitution & Preparation

These are container calculations reported by profiles, not dose recommendations:

  • One profile notes the common research vial size is 20 mg lyophilized powder (src-10). Its protocol reconstitutes a 20 mg vial with 3.0 mL bacteriostatic water, yielding 6.67 mg/mL, so 1 unit (0.01 mL) on a U-100 insulin syringe ≈ 66.7 mcg; example draws given as 15 units (0.15 mL) for 1.0 mg, 22.5 units (0.225 mL) for 1.5 mg, and 30 units (0.30 mL) for 2.0 mg (src-10, src-51).
  • Another profile states a 10 mg vial reconstituted with 2 mL bacteriostatic water yields 5 mg/mL (5,000 mcg/mL), with 0.04 mL ≈ 4 units on a U-100 syringe (src-7, src-11).

Storage

One profile states lyophilized stock is stable at −20 °C for years (per another source up to 24 months), cites HPLC purity ≥98%, and advises that reconstituted peptide be refrigerated at 2-8 °C and discarded at 28 days (src-7, src-11).

The reported doses differ by up to two orders of magnitude — this is not a formatting quirk. The microgram figures (roughly 100–300 mcg/day) and the milligram figures (1–2 mg/day subcutaneously, ranges to 5–10 mg, and 20 mg/day orally) come from different sources and are not reconciled anywhere in the published literature. Because no human dose-ranging or pharmacokinetic study of Pinealon exists, there is no evidence base for choosing between them. Someone following a milligram-level protocol would be taking roughly 10–100 times what the microgram sources describe, so the higher figures warrant particular caution.

Sources

Ordered by evidence quality — the strongest first.

  1. [EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES ON AGING OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC POLYMORBIDITY AND ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN REMISSION].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 1PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2015
  2. Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Pinealon Increases Cell Viability by Suppression of Free Radical Levels ...(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · researchgate.net · 2026
  4. Pinealon: Research Evidence & Safety Profile | PeptideInsight(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2Web · peptideinsight.com · 2026
  5. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2026
  6. Short Peptides Protect Fibroblast-Derived Induced Neurons from Age-Related Changes.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2024
  7. Effect of seabuckthorn seed protein and its arginine-enriched peptides on combating memory impairment in mice.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2023
  8. EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2020
  9. Role of Mono- and Divalent Ions in Peptide Glu-Asp-Arg-DNA Interaction.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2019
  10. [Comparative analysis of different methods of geroprotective].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2016
  11. Short Peptides and Telomere Length Regulator Hormone Irisin.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2016
  12. [Regulation of content of cytokines in blood serum and of caspase-3 activity in brains of old rats in model of sharp hypoxic hypoxia with Cortexin and Pinealon].(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2014
  13. Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2012
  14. Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2011
  15. Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2011
  16. Synthesis, nano-scale assembly, and in vivo anti-thrombotic activity of novel short peptides containing L-Arg and L-Asp or L-Glu.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 2PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2008
  17. Pinealon (EDR): Research, Evidence Grade D, Safety | PeptideTrace — PeptideTrace(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · peptidetrace.com
  18. Pinealon | Peptide | Peptide Mind(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · peptidemind.com
  19. Pinealon Peptide | Benefits, Safety & Buying Advice [2026](opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · innerbody.com
  20. Pinealon Peptide | Brain & Memory Support(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · paragonsportsmedicine.com
  21. Pinealon Peptide Dosing Guide: Protocol, Reconstitution & Cycle ...(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · peptidedosingprotocols.com
  22. Pinealon Dosage: Cycle Length & Protocol - Dosage Peptide(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · dosagepeptide.com · 2026
  23. What Is Pinealon? EDR Peptide Evidence (2026) - Dosage Peptide(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · dosagepeptide.com · 2026
  24. Pinealon: Cognitive Bioregulator Guide 2026(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · thepeptidetoolkit.com · 2026
  25. Pinealon (EDR): A Khavinson-Group Tripeptide in Preclinical Research(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · superpower.com · 2026
  26. Pinealon: Mechanism, Benefits, Evidence & Safety | Peptide Treatments(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 3Web · peptidetreatments.com · 2026
  27. Pinealon(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 4Web · thepreptide.com
  28. Pinealon Peptide Cycle, Stack & Timing Guide (2026): Best Dosage Protocols For Sleep, Memory & Brain Health(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 4Web · injectco.com
  29. The Role of Amino Acids in the Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of Breast Cancer: A Review.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 4PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2023
  30. Constitutive activity in gonadotropin receptors.(opens in a new tab)
    Tier 4PubMed · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov · 2014